ভাইকিংছ

ভাইকিংছ (ইংৰাজী: Vikings) হৈছে মূলতঃ স্ক্যাণ্ডিনেভিয়া (বৰ্তমানৰ ডেনমাৰ্ক, নৰৱে আৰু ছুইডেন)ৰ পৰা অহা নাৱিক লোকসকলক দিয়া এক আধুনিক নাম।^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] এইসকলে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ পৰা একাদশ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফাললৈকে বিভিন্ন দেশত অভিযান চলাইছিল তথা পাইৰেট, ব্যৱসায় আদি কৰিছিল। এওঁলোকে ইউৰোপৰ কিছু অংশত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল।^[6]^[7]^[8] ভূমধ্যসাগৰ, উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকা, ভলগা বুলগেৰিয়া, মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য আৰু উত্তৰ আমেৰিকালৈকে তেওঁলোকে যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ উৎপত্তিস্থল বুলি বিবেচিত দেশসমূহত, আৰু তেওঁলোকে আক্ৰমণ কৰি বসতি স্থাপন কৰা কিছুমান দেশত এই সময়ছোৱাক জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে ভাইকিং যুগ বুলি জনা যায় আৰু "ভাইকিং" শব্দটোৱে সাধাৰণতে স্ক্যাণ্ডিনেভিয়ান গৃহভূমিৰ বাসিন্দাসকলকো সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে। ভাইকিংসকলে স্ক্যাণ্ডিনেভিয়া, ব্ৰিটিছ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, ফ্ৰান্স, ইষ্ট'নিয়া আৰু কিয়ভান ৰাছৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ মধ্যযুগীয় ইতিহাসত এক গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল।^[9]

বিশেষজ্ঞ নাৱিক আৰু সাধাৰণ নাৱিকসকলে নিজৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যপূৰ্ণ দীঘলীয়া জাহাজত উঠি ব্ৰিটিছ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, ফেৰ' দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, আইচলেণ্ড, গ্ৰীনলেণ্ড, নৰ্মাণ্ডী আৰু বাল্টিক উপকূলৰ লগতে আধুনিক ৰাছিয়াৰ মাজেৰে ড্নিপাৰ আৰু ভলগা বাণিজ্যিক পথত নৰ্ছ বসতি তথা চৰকাৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। বেলাৰুছ আৰু ইউক্ৰেইনত^[10]^[11] এইসকলক ভেৰাঞ্জিয়ান বুলিও জনা গৈছিল। এই নৰ্ছ উপনিবেশৰ পৰাই নৰ্মান, নৰ্ছ-গেল, ৰাছৰ লোক, ফেৰ’ আৰু আইচলেণ্ডৰ লোকৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। এটা সময়ত ৰাছ ভাইকিংছৰ এটা দলে ইমানেই দক্ষিণলৈ আগবাঢ়িছিল যে কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে বাইজেণ্টাইন সম্ৰাটৰ দেহৰক্ষী হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকে বাইজেণ্টাইন চহৰ কনষ্টেণ্টিনোপলত আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল।^[12] ভাইকিংসকলে ইৰাণ^[13] আৰু আৰবলৈও যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল।^[14] উত্তৰ আমেৰিকাত উপস্থিত হোৱা তেওঁলোক প্ৰথম ইউৰোপীয় আছিল। খুব কম সময়ৰ বাবে তেওঁলোকে নিউফাউণ্ডলেণ্ড (ভিনলেণ্ড)ত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। নৰ্ছ সংস্কৃতি বিদেশী দেশ সমূহলৈ বিয়পাই দিয়াৰ সময়তে তেওঁলোকে একেলগে স্ক্যাণ্ডিনেভিয়াৰ ঘৰলৈ দাস, উপপত্নী আৰু বিদেশী সাংস্কৃতিক প্ৰভাৱ কঢ়িয়াই আনিছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত দুয়োপক্ষৰে জিনীয় আৰু ঐতিহাসিক বিকাশত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল। ভাইকিং যুগত নৰ্ছ গৃহভূমি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে সৰু সৰু ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা তিনিখন বৃহৎ ৰাজ্যলৈ একত্ৰিত হৈছিল: ডেনমাৰ্ক, নৰৱে আৰু ছুইডেন।

ভাইকিংসকলে পুৰণি নৰ্ছ ভাষা কোৱাৰ উপৰিও তেওঁলোকে ৰুণত শিলালিপি নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। সৰহভাগ সময় তেওঁলোকে পুৰণি নৰ্ছ ধৰ্ম অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল যদিও পিছলৈ খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। ভাইকিংসকলৰ নিজস্ব আইন, শিল্প আৰু স্থাপত্য আছিল। বেছিভাগ ভাইকিং কৃষক, মাছমৰীয়া, শিল্পী আৰু ব্যৱসায়ী আছিল। ভাইকিংসকলৰ জনপ্ৰিয় ধাৰণাসমূহ প্ৰায়ে প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু ঐতিহাসিক উৎসৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা নৰ্ছমেনসকলৰ জটিল, উন্নত সভ্যতাৰ পৰা প্ৰবলভাৱে পৃথক হোৱা দেখা যায়। ভাইকিংসকলক সম্ভ্ৰান্ত বনৰীয়া লোক বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হয়।^[15]^[16] ভাইকিংসকলক হিংস্ৰ, জলদস্যুৰ দৰে অনা-ইহুদী বা নিৰ্ভীক দুঃসাহসিক হিচাপে ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে এক মত গঢ় লৈ উঠিছিল। ভাইকিংসকলৰ বৰ্তমানৰ জনপ্ৰিয় উপস্থাপন সাধাৰণতে সাংস্কৃতিক ক্লিচে আৰু ষ্টেৰিঅ'টাইপৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কৰা হয়, যাৰ ফলত ভাইকিং উত্তৰাধিকাৰৰ আধুনিক প্ৰশংসা জটিল হৈ পৰে।

তথ্যসূত্ৰ

↑ The article Tjängvidestenen Archived 27 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine in Nordisk familjebok (1919).
↑ Margaryan, Ashot (September 2020). "Population genomics of the Viking world". Nature খণ্ড 585 (7825): 390–396. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8. PMID 32939067. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2688-8। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 21 January 2021.
↑ Mawer, Allen (1913). The Vikings. Cambridge University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 1. ISBN 095173394X. https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe. "The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,' but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.'" Holman, Catherine (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Vikings. Scarecrow Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 1. ISBN 0810865890. https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ. "Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries..." Simpson, Jacqueline (1980). The Viking World. Batsford. পৃষ্ঠা. 9. ISBN 0713407778. https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 15 September 2019. "Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian..." Davies, Norman (1999). The Isles: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198030737. https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm. "The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group"
↑ Campbell, Alistair (1973). "Viking". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 23. Encyclopaedia Britannica. পৃষ্ঠা. 11. ISBN 0852291736. https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 8 June 2020. "The term "Viking" is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from a.d. 800 to 1050." Mawer, Allen (1922). "The Vikings". In Bury, J. B.. The Cambridge Medieval History. 3. Cambridge University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 309. https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 8 June 2020. "The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries..." "Viking". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 সম্পাদনা). Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 9780191727139. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&result=1। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 3 January 2020. "Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 ad onwards." Crowcroft, Robert; Cannon, John, eds (2015). "Viking". The Oxford Companion to British History (2 সম্পাদনা). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191757150. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&result=7। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 3 January 2020. "Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents."
↑ Oxford Dictionaries (2011). Concise Oxford English Dictionary. OUP Oxford. পৃষ্ঠা. 1612. ISBN 978-0199601103. https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 15 September 2019. "Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries..." Random House Unabridged Dictionary (2019). "Vikings". Random House Dictionary.com. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 12 December 2019. "Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries" COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary. "Viking". HarperCollins Collins Online Dictionary. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 12 December 2019. "The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries" Collins English Dictionary. "Viking". HarperCollins Collins Online Dictionary. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 12 December 2019. "Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain." Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition (2010). "Viking". Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Collins Online Dictionary. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 12 December 2019. "Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent." Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus. "Viking". Cambridge University PressCambridge Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 12 December 2019. "Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live in places they travelled to."
↑ "Viking". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 30 September 2018. "Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were..."
↑ Linton, Michael I. A.; Nokkentved, Christian. "Denmark: The Viking Era". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 30 September 2018. "Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland"
↑ Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.
↑ Brink 2008
↑ Archaeologists find evidence of Vikings' presence in Belarus Archived 15 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Lepel Regional Executive Committee.
↑ Ancient Ukraine: Did Swedish Vikings really found Kyiv Rus? Archived 15 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Business Ukraine.
↑ Klein, Christopher. "Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople" (en ভাষাত). HISTORY. https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 20 October 2022.
↑ Logan, Donald F. (1992). The Vikings in History. ISBN 0-415-08396-6.
↑ Batey, Colleen E.; Graham-Campbell, James (1994). Cultural Atlas of the Viking World. প্ৰকাশক New York: Facts on File. পৃষ্ঠা. 184. ISBN 9780816030040. https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate.
↑ Wawn 2000
↑ Johnni Langer, "The origins of the imaginary viking", Viking Heritage Magazine, Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.

[nordisk1-1] The article Tjängvidestenen Archived 27 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine in Nordisk familjebok (1919).

[2] Margaryan, Ashot (September 2020). "Population genomics of the Viking world". Nature খণ্ড 585 (7825): 390–396. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8. PMID 32939067. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2688-8। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 21 January 2021.

[Definition_Scholarly-3] Mawer, Allen (1913). The Vikings. Cambridge University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 1. ISBN 095173394X. https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe. "The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,' but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.'" Holman, Catherine (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Vikings. Scarecrow Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 1. ISBN 0810865890. https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ. "Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries..." Simpson, Jacqueline (1980). The Viking World. Batsford. পৃষ্ঠা. 9. ISBN 0713407778. https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 15 September 2019. "Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian..." Davies, Norman (1999). The Isles: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198030737. https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm. "The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group"

[Definition_Tertiary-4] Campbell, Alistair (1973). "Viking". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 23. Encyclopaedia Britannica. পৃষ্ঠা. 11. ISBN 0852291736. https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 8 June 2020. "The term "Viking" is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from a.d. 800 to 1050." Mawer, Allen (1922). "The Vikings". In Bury, J. B.. The Cambridge Medieval History. 3. Cambridge University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 309. https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 8 June 2020. "The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries..." "Viking". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 সম্পাদনা). Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 9780191727139. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&result=1। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 3 January 2020. "Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 ad onwards." Crowcroft, Robert; Cannon, John, eds (2015). "Viking". The Oxford Companion to British History (2 সম্পাদনা). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191757150. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&result=7। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 3 January 2020. "Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents."

[Definition_Dictionary-5] Oxford Dictionaries (2011). Concise Oxford English Dictionary. OUP Oxford. পৃষ্ঠা. 1612. ISBN 978-0199601103. https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 15 September 2019. "Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries..." Random House Unabridged Dictionary (2019). "Vikings". Random House Dictionary.com. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 12 December 2019. "Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries" COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary. "Viking". HarperCollins Collins Online Dictionary. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 12 December 2019. "The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries" Collins English Dictionary. "Viking". HarperCollins Collins Online Dictionary. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 12 December 2019. "Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain." Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition (2010). "Viking". Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Collins Online Dictionary. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 12 December 2019. "Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent." Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus. "Viking". Cambridge University PressCambridge Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 12 December 2019. "Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live in places they travelled to."

[EB_Viking-6] "Viking". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 30 September 2018. "Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were..."

[EB_Denmark-7] Linton, Michael I. A.; Nokkentved, Christian. "Denmark: The Viking Era". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 30 September 2018. "Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland"

[Roesdahl,_pp._9–22-8] Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.

[9] Brink 2008

[10] Archaeologists find evidence of Vikings' presence in Belarus Archived 15 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Lepel Regional Executive Committee.

[11] Ancient Ukraine: Did Swedish Vikings really found Kyiv Rus? Archived 15 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Business Ukraine.

[12] Klein, Christopher. "Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople" (en ভাষাত). HISTORY. https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 20 October 2022.

[13] Logan, Donald F. (1992). The Vikings in History. ISBN 0-415-08396-6.

[14] Batey, Colleen E.; Graham-Campbell, James (1994). Cultural Atlas of the Viking World. প্ৰকাশক New York: Facts on File. পৃষ্ঠা. 184. ISBN 9780816030040. https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate.

[15] Wawn 2000

[langer-16] Johnni Langer, "The origins of the imaginary viking", Viking Heritage Magazine, Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]