প্লটিনাছ

প্লটিনাচ
	; প্লটিনাচৰ মাৰ্বল অনুকীৰ্তি
সম্পূৰ্ণ নাম	প্লটিনাচ
জন্ম	প্ৰায় 204/5 CE; অচ্যুত্ or লিকপলিচ (দেলটা), ইজিপ্ত, ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য
মৃত্যু	২৭০ (বয়স ৬৪–৬৫) CE; কোম্পেনীয়া, ৰোম সাম্ৰাজ্য
যুগ	প্ৰাচীন দৰ্শন
অঞ্চল	পাশ্চ্যাত্য দৰ্শন
ধাৰা	Neoplatonism
আগ্ৰহ	Platonism, metaphysics, mysticism
উল্লেখযোগ্য কৰ্ম	Emanation of all things from the One; Three main hypostases: the One, Intellect, and Soul; Henosis

প্লটিনাছ (/plɒˈtaɪnəs/; গ্ৰীক: Πλωτῖνος, Plōtînos; C ২০৪/৫ – ২৭০ CE)^[6] এজন গ্ৰীক প্লেটনিষ্ট দাৰ্শনিক আছিল, ৰোমান ইজিপ্তত জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল আৰু ডাঙৰ দীঘল হৈছিল।^[7] প্লটিনাছক আধুনিক বৃত্তিৰ দ্বাৰা নিওপ্লেটোনিজমৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। তেওঁৰ শিক্ষক আছিল স্ব-শিক্ষিত দাৰ্শনিক এমোনিয়াছ চাকাচ, যি প্লেটনিক পৰম্পৰাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। উনবিংশ শতিকাৰ বুৰঞ্জীবিদসকলে "নিওপ্লেটোনিজম" শব্দটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক প্লটিনাছ আৰু তেওঁৰ দৰ্শনক বুজাবলৈ প্ৰয়োগ কৰিছিল, যি প্ৰাচীনকালৰ শেষৰ ফালে, মধ্যযুগ আৰু নৱজাগৰণৰ সময়ত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱশালী আছিল। প্লটিনাছৰ বিষয়ে জীৱনীমূলক তথ্যৰ বেছিভাগ পোৰফিৰিৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনাৰ পৰা তেওঁৰ প্লটিনাছৰ আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য সাহিত্যকৰ্ম দ্য এনাডছ^[8]ৰ সংস্কৰণলৈ আহে। তেওঁৰ আধ্যাত্মিক লিখনিত প্লটিনাছে তিনিটা মৌলিক নীতি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল: এক, বুদ্ধি আৰু আত্মা। তেওঁৰ কাৰ্য্যই বহু শতাব্দীৰ পৌত্তলিক, ইহুদী, খ্ৰীষ্টান, গ্নোষ্টিক আৰু প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইছলামিক মেটাফিজিচিয়ান আৰু ৰহস্যবাদীসকলক অনুপ্ৰাণিত কৰিছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ধৰ্ম্মৰ ভিতৰত মূলধাৰাৰ ধৰ্মীয় ধাৰণাবোৰক প্ৰভাৱিত কৰা উপদেশ বিকশিত কৰা, যেনে দুটা আধ্যাত্মিক ৰাজ্যত এজনৰ দ্বৈততাৰ ওপৰত তেওঁৰ কাম।^[9]

প্লটিনাছ আৰু প্লেটোৰ সম্পৰ্ক

প্ৰটেষ্টেণ্ট সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত কেইবা শতিকা ধৰি নব্য প্লেটোবাদক প্লেটোবাদৰ অৱক্ষয়ী আৰু ‘প্ৰাচ্য’ বিকৃতি বুলি গৰিহণা দিয়া হৈছিল। ১৯২৯ চনৰ এটা ৰচনাত ই. এইদৰে প্লটিনাছৰ দৰ্শন আছিল, তেওঁ যুক্তি দিছিল, ‘নব্য প্লেটোবাদৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ বিন্দু নহয় বৰঞ্চ ইয়াৰ বৌদ্ধিক শিখৰ।’^[10] অধিক গৱেষণাই এই মতামতক শক্তিশালী কৰি তুলিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত মাৰ্লানে ক’ব পাৰিছিল যে ‘বৰ্তমানৰ প্ৰৱণতা পৃথকীকৰণৰ ব্যৱধান বহল কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে সেতুবন্ধনৰ দিশতহে নব্য প্লেটোবাদৰ পৰা প্লেটোবাদ।'^[11] ১৯৫০ চনৰ পৰা প্লেটোৰ টুবিংগেন স্কুলৰ ব্যাখ্যাই যুক্তি আগবঢ়াই আহিছে যে এৰিষ্টটল আৰু পুৰণি একাডেমীয়ে বিতৰ্ক কৰা প্লেটোৰ তথাকথিত ‘অলিখিত মতবাদ’বোৰ প্লটিনাছৰ আধ্যাত্মিকতাবাদৰ সৈতে প্ৰবল মিল আছে। এই ক্ষেত্ৰত প্লেটোৰ নব্য প্লেটোনিক পঠন অন্ততঃ এই কেন্দ্ৰীয় অঞ্চলত ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ন্যায্য হ’ব। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল প্লেটোৰ অলিখিত মতবাদৰ স্বীকৃতি অবিহনে যিমান নতুন প্লেটোবাদ দেখা যায় তাতকৈ কম উদ্ভাৱন। টিউবিংগেন স্কুলৰ সমৰ্থকসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ব্যাখ্যাৰ এই সুবিধাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰে। তেওঁলোকে প্লটিনাছক প্লেটোৱে নিজেই আৰম্ভ কৰা চিন্তাৰ পৰম্পৰাক আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ দৰে ভাবে। প্লটিনাছৰ আধ্যাত্মিকতাবাদ, অন্ততঃ বহল ৰূপৰেখাত, সেয়েহে প্লেটোৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰজন্মৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলৰ বাবে ইতিমধ্যে চিনাকি আছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা প্লটিনাছৰ নিজৰ মতামত নিশ্চিত হয়, কাৰণ তেওঁ নিজকে কোনো ব্যৱস্থাৰ উদ্ভাৱক নহয়, প্লেটোৰ মতবাদৰ বিশ্বাসী ব্যাখ্যাকাৰী বুলি গণ্য কৰিছিল।^[12]

মৃত্যু

মহান দাৰ্শনিক প্লটিনাছৰ মৃত্যু হয় 270 (৬৪-৬৫ বছৰ) CE ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কেম্পেনীয়া চহৰত।^[13]

তথ্যসূত্ৰ

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 উদ্ধৃতি ত্ৰুটি: অবৈধ <ref> টেগ; Gerson 2017 নামৰ refৰ বাবে কোনো পাঠ্য প্ৰদান কৰা হোৱা নাই
↑ Armstrong, A. Hilary; Duignan, Brian; Lotha, Gloria; Rodriguez, Emily (1 January 2021) [20 July 1998]. "Plotinus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021. Plotinus (born 205, Lyco, or Lycopolis, Egypt?—died 270, Campania), ancient philosopher, the centre of an influential circle of intellectuals and men of letters in 3rd-century Rome, who is regarded by modern scholars as the founder of the neoplatonic school of philosophy. [...] In his 28th year—he seems to have been rather a late developer—Plotinus felt an impulse to study philosophy and thus went to Alexandria. He attended the lectures of the most eminent professors in Alexandria at the time, which reduced him to a state of complete depression. In the end, a friend who understood what he wanted took him to hear the self-taught philosopher Ammonius Saccas. When he had heard Ammonius speak, Plotinus said, “This is the man I was looking for,” and stayed with him for 11 years. [...] At the end of his time with Ammonius, Plotinus joined the expedition of the Roman emperor Gordian III against Persia (242–243), with the intention of trying to learn something at first hand about the philosophies of the Persians and Indians. The expedition came to a disastrous end in Mesopotamia, however, when Gordian was murdered by the soldiers and Philip the Arabian was proclaimed emperor. Plotinus escaped with difficulty and made his way back to Antioch. From there he went to Rome, where he settled at the age of 40. [...] Plotinus's own thought shows some striking similarities to Indian philosophy, but he never actually made contact with Eastern sages because of the failure of the expedition. Though direct or indirect contact with Indians educated in their own religious-philosophical traditions may not have been impossible in 3rd-century Alexandria, the resemblances of the philosophy of Plotinus to Indian thought were more likely a natural development of the Greek tradition that he inherited. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Gerson, Lloyd P. (Fall 2018). "Plotinus". In Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 643092515. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2021. Plotinus (204/5 – 270), is generally regarded as the founder of neoplatonism. He is one of the most influential philosophers in antiquity after Plato and Aristotle. The term 'neoplatonism' is an invention of early 19th century European scholarship and indicates the penchant of historians for dividing 'periods' in history. In this case, the term was intended to indicate that Plotinus initiated a new phase in the development of the Platonic tradition. What this 'newness' amounted to, if anything, is controversial, largely because one's assessment of it depends upon one's assessment of what Platonism is. In fact, Plotinus (like all his successors) regarded himself simply as a Platonist, that is, as an expositor and defender of the philosophical position whose greatest exponent was Plato himself. [...] The three basic principles of Plotinus' metaphysics are called by him 'the One' (or, equivalently, 'the Good'), Intellect, and Soul. These principles are both ultimate ontological realities and explanatory principles. Plotinus believed that they were recognized by Plato as such, as well as by the entire subsequent Platonic tradition. [...] Porphyry informs us that during the first ten years of his time in Rome, Plotinus lectured exclusively on the philosophy of Ammonius. During this time he also wrote nothing. Porphyry tells us that when he himself arrived in Rome in 263, the first 21 of Plotinus' treatises had already been written. The remainder of the 54 treatises constituting his Enneads were written in the last seven or eight years of his life. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Keyser, Paul T.; Scarborough, John, eds (2018). "Plotinus and Neoplatonism: The Creation of a New Synthesis". Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World. প্ৰকাশক New York: Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 847–868. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734146.013.78. ISBN 9780199734146. https://books.google.com/books?id=NfxdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA847.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Remes, Pauliina; Slaveva-Griffin, Svetla, eds (2014). "The Metaphysics of the One". The Routledge Handbook of Neoplatonism. Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy. প্ৰকাশক Abingdon, Oxfordshire and New York: Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 182–199. ISBN 9781138573963. https://books.google.com/books?id=yhcWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA182.
↑ Gerson, Lloyd P. (2017). "Plotinus and Platonism". In Tarrant, Harold; Renaud, François; Baltzly, Dirk; Layne, Danielle A. (eds.). Brill's Companion to the Reception of Plato in Antiquity. Brill's Companions to Classical Reception. Vol. 13. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 316–335. doi:10.1163/9789004355385_018. ISBN 978-90-04-27069-5. ISSN 2213-1426.
↑ Gerson, Lloyd P., Renaud, François; Baltzly, Dirk; Layne, Danielle A. (eds.) ((2017)). "Plotinus and Platonism".. In Tarrant, Harold; Renaud. পৃষ্ঠা. pp. 316–335. ISBN 978-90-04-27069-5. ISSN 2213-1426.
↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enneads
↑ Plotinus - Wikipedia
↑ Gerson, Lloyd P. (Fall 2018). "Plotinus". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 643092515. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2021. Plotinus (204/5 – 270), is generally regarded as the founder of neoplatonism. He is one of the most influential philosophers in antiquity after Plato and Aristotle. The term 'neoplatonism' is an invention of early 19th century European scholarship and indicates the penchant of historians for dividing 'periods' in history. In this case, the term was intended to indicate that Plotinus initiated a new phase in the development of the Platonic tradition. What this 'newness' amounted to, if anything, is controversial, largely because one's assessment of it depends upon one's assessment of what Platonism is. In fact, Plotinus (like all his successors) regarded himself simply as a Platonist, that is, as an expositor and defender of the philosophical position whose greatest exponent was Plato himself. [...] The three basic principles of Plotinus' metaphysics are called by him 'the One' (or, equivalently, 'the Good'), Intellect, and Soul. These principles are both ultimate ontological realities and explanatory principles. Plotinus believed that they were recognized by Plato as such, as well as by the entire subsequent Platonic tradition. [...] Porphyry informs us that during the first ten years of his time in Rome, Plotinus lectured exclusively on the philosophy of Ammonius. During this time he also wrote nothing. Porphyry tells us that when he himself arrived in Rome in 263, the first 21 of Plotinus' treatises had already been written. The remainder of the 54 treatises constituting his Enneads were written in the last seven or eight years of his life.
↑ Philip Merlan, From Platonism to Neoplatonism (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1954, 1968), p. 3.
↑ Detlef Thiel: Die Philosophie des Xenokrates im Kontext der Alten Akademie, München 2006, pp. 197ff. and note 64; Jens Halfwassen: Der Aufstieg zum Einen.
↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotinus#cite_note-31

[Gerson_2017-1] 1.0 ^1.1 উদ্ধৃতি ত্ৰুটি: অবৈধ <ref> টেগ; Gerson 2017 নামৰ refৰ বাবে কোনো পাঠ্য প্ৰদান কৰা হোৱা নাই

[Britannica-2] Armstrong, A. Hilary; Duignan, Brian; Lotha, Gloria; Rodriguez, Emily (1 January 2021) [20 July 1998]. "Plotinus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021. Plotinus (born 205, Lyco, or Lycopolis, Egypt?—died 270, Campania), ancient philosopher, the centre of an influential circle of intellectuals and men of letters in 3rd-century Rome, who is regarded by modern scholars as the founder of the neoplatonic school of philosophy. [...] In his 28th year—he seems to have been rather a late developer—Plotinus felt an impulse to study philosophy and thus went to Alexandria. He attended the lectures of the most eminent professors in Alexandria at the time, which reduced him to a state of complete depression. In the end, a friend who understood what he wanted took him to hear the self-taught philosopher Ammonius Saccas. When he had heard Ammonius speak, Plotinus said, “This is the man I was looking for,” and stayed with him for 11 years. [...] At the end of his time with Ammonius, Plotinus joined the expedition of the Roman emperor Gordian III against Persia (242–243), with the intention of trying to learn something at first hand about the philosophies of the Persians and Indians. The expedition came to a disastrous end in Mesopotamia, however, when Gordian was murdered by the soldiers and Philip the Arabian was proclaimed emperor. Plotinus escaped with difficulty and made his way back to Antioch. From there he went to Rome, where he settled at the age of 40. [...] Plotinus's own thought shows some striking similarities to Indian philosophy, but he never actually made contact with Eastern sages because of the failure of the expedition. Though direct or indirect contact with Indians educated in their own religious-philosophical traditions may not have been impossible in 3rd-century Alexandria, the resemblances of the philosophy of Plotinus to Indian thought were more likely a natural development of the Greek tradition that he inherited. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[Stanford1-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Gerson, Lloyd P. (Fall 2018). "Plotinus". In Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 643092515. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2021. Plotinus (204/5 – 270), is generally regarded as the founder of neoplatonism. He is one of the most influential philosophers in antiquity after Plato and Aristotle. The term 'neoplatonism' is an invention of early 19th century European scholarship and indicates the penchant of historians for dividing 'periods' in history. In this case, the term was intended to indicate that Plotinus initiated a new phase in the development of the Platonic tradition. What this 'newness' amounted to, if anything, is controversial, largely because one's assessment of it depends upon one's assessment of what Platonism is. In fact, Plotinus (like all his successors) regarded himself simply as a Platonist, that is, as an expositor and defender of the philosophical position whose greatest exponent was Plato himself. [...] The three basic principles of Plotinus' metaphysics are called by him 'the One' (or, equivalently, 'the Good'), Intellect, and Soul. These principles are both ultimate ontological realities and explanatory principles. Plotinus believed that they were recognized by Plato as such, as well as by the entire subsequent Platonic tradition. [...] Porphyry informs us that during the first ten years of his time in Rome, Plotinus lectured exclusively on the philosophy of Ammonius. During this time he also wrote nothing. Porphyry tells us that when he himself arrived in Rome in 263, the first 21 of Plotinus' treatises had already been written. The remainder of the 54 treatises constituting his Enneads were written in the last seven or eight years of his life. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[Siorvanes_2018-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Keyser, Paul T.; Scarborough, John, eds (2018). "Plotinus and Neoplatonism: The Creation of a New Synthesis". Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World. প্ৰকাশক New York: Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 847–868. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734146.013.78. ISBN 9780199734146. https://books.google.com/books?id=NfxdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA847.

[Halfwassen_2014-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Remes, Pauliina; Slaveva-Griffin, Svetla, eds (2014). "The Metaphysics of the One". The Routledge Handbook of Neoplatonism. Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy. প্ৰকাশক Abingdon, Oxfordshire and New York: Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 182–199. ISBN 9781138573963. https://books.google.com/books?id=yhcWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA182.

[6] Gerson, Lloyd P. (2017). "Plotinus and Platonism". In Tarrant, Harold; Renaud, François; Baltzly, Dirk; Layne, Danielle A. (eds.). Brill's Companion to the Reception of Plato in Antiquity. Brill's Companions to Classical Reception. Vol. 13. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 316–335. doi:10.1163/9789004355385_018. ISBN 978-90-04-27069-5. ISSN 2213-1426.

[7] Gerson, Lloyd P., Renaud, François; Baltzly, Dirk; Layne, Danielle A. (eds.) ((2017)). "Plotinus and Platonism".. In Tarrant, Harold; Renaud. পৃষ্ঠা. pp. 316–335. ISBN 978-90-04-27069-5. ISSN 2213-1426.

[8] ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enneads

[9] Plotinus - Wikipedia

[10] Gerson, Lloyd P. (Fall 2018). "Plotinus". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. ISSN 1095-5054. OCLC 643092515. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2021. Plotinus (204/5 – 270), is generally regarded as the founder of neoplatonism. He is one of the most influential philosophers in antiquity after Plato and Aristotle. The term 'neoplatonism' is an invention of early 19th century European scholarship and indicates the penchant of historians for dividing 'periods' in history. In this case, the term was intended to indicate that Plotinus initiated a new phase in the development of the Platonic tradition. What this 'newness' amounted to, if anything, is controversial, largely because one's assessment of it depends upon one's assessment of what Platonism is. In fact, Plotinus (like all his successors) regarded himself simply as a Platonist, that is, as an expositor and defender of the philosophical position whose greatest exponent was Plato himself. [...] The three basic principles of Plotinus' metaphysics are called by him 'the One' (or, equivalently, 'the Good'), Intellect, and Soul. These principles are both ultimate ontological realities and explanatory principles. Plotinus believed that they were recognized by Plato as such, as well as by the entire subsequent Platonic tradition. [...] Porphyry informs us that during the first ten years of his time in Rome, Plotinus lectured exclusively on the philosophy of Ammonius. During this time he also wrote nothing. Porphyry tells us that when he himself arrived in Rome in 263, the first 21 of Plotinus' treatises had already been written. The remainder of the 54 treatises constituting his Enneads were written in the last seven or eight years of his life.

[11] Philip Merlan, From Platonism to Neoplatonism (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1954, 1968), p. 3.

[12] Detlef Thiel: Die Philosophie des Xenokrates im Kontext der Alten Akademie, München 2006, pp. 197ff. and note 64; Jens Halfwassen: Der Aufstieg zum Einen.

[13] ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotinus#cite_note-31

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