সাম্যবাদ

সাম্যবাদ (ইংৰাজী: Communism; লেটিন ভাষাৰ communis-ৰ পৰা, যাৰ অৰ্থ 'উমৈহতীয়া', 'সাৰ্বজনীন')^[1]^[2] হৈছে এক দাৰ্শনিক, সামাজিক, ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক আদৰ্শ আৰু আন্দোলন যাৰ চূড়ান্ত লক্ষ্য হৈছে এক সাম্যবাদী সমাজ স্থাপন কৰা, যি হৈছে উৎপাদনৰ মাধ্যমৰ উমৈহতীয়া মালিকীস্বত্ব আৰু সামাজিক শ্ৰেণী, মুদ্ৰা,^[3]^[4] আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ অনুপস্থিতিৰ ধাৰণাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এক আৰ্থ-সামাজিক ব্যৱস্থা।^[5]^[6] সাম্যবাদ হৈছে সমাজবাদৰ এক প্ৰকাৰ।

সাম্যবাদত বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ চিন্তাধাৰা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছে য'ত বিস্তৃতভাৱে মাৰ্ক্সবাদ আৰু নৈৰাজ্যবাদী সাম্যবাদৰ লগতে এই দুয়োটাৰে ওপৰত আধাৰিত বিভিন্ন ৰাজনৈতিক মতাদৰ্শ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছে। এই সকলোবোৰে সমমত পোষণ কৰে যে বৰ্তমানৰ সমাজৰ স্থিতি পুঁজিবাদ, ইয়াৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক ব্যৱস্থা আৰু উৎপাদনৰ পদ্ধতিৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে। এই ব্যৱস্থাত দুটা মুখ্য সামাজিক শ্ৰেণী আছে, এই দুটা শ্ৰেণীৰ মাজৰ সম্পৰ্ক শোষণমূলক; আৰু এই পৰিস্থিতিটো কেৱল এক সামাজিক বিপ্লৱৰ জৰিয়তে হে সমাধান কৰিব পাৰি।^[7] দুয়োটা শ্ৰেণী হৈছে সৰ্বহাৰা বা শ্ৰমিক শ্ৰেণী, সমাজৰ সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ লোক এই শ্ৰেণীৰ আৰু তেওঁলোকে জীয়াই থাকিবলৈ কাম কৰিব লাগে; আৰু আনটো বুৰ্জোৱা বা পুঁজিবাদী শ্ৰেণী, এক ক্ষুদ্ৰ সংখ্যালঘুৰ শ্ৰেণী যি উৎপাদনৰ মাধ্যমৰ ব্যক্তিগত মালিকীস্বত্বৰ জৰিয়তে শ্ৰমিক শ্ৰেণীক নিযুক্তি দিয়াৰ পৰা লাভ প্ৰাপ্ত কৰে। এই বিশ্লেষণ অনুসৰি, বিপ্লৱে শ্ৰমিক শ্ৰেণীক ক্ষমতা দিব আৰু তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে উৎপাদনৰ মাধ্যমৰ সামাজিক মালিকানা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিব যি হৈছে সাম্যবাদৰ দিশত সমাজৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰাথমিক উপাদান।^[7]

১৯১৭ চনৰ পাছত, কেইবাখনো ৰাষ্ট্ৰক কমিউনিষ্ট হিচাপে চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছিল: এই ৰাষ্ট্ৰবোৰে মাৰ্ক্সবাদ-লেনিনবাদ বা ইয়াৰ বিভিন্নতাৰ সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল।^[8] সামাজিক গণতন্ত্ৰৰ লগতে সাম্যবাদ ১৯২০-ৰ দশকলৈ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সমাজতান্ত্ৰিক আন্দোলনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰভাৱশালী ৰাজনৈতিক প্ৰৱণতা হৈ পৰে৷^[9] কিছুমান অৰ্থনীতিবিদ আৰু বুদ্ধিজীৱীৰ মতে, ব্যৱহাৰিকভাৱে, এই নামমাত্ৰ সাম্যবাদী ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে যি আৰ্হিৰ অধীনত পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল সেয়া প্ৰকৃততে এক প্ৰকাৰৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুঁজিবাদ^[10]^[11]^[12] বা এক অপৰিকল্পিত প্ৰশাসনিক বা আদেশ অৰ্থনীতিহে^[13]^[14] আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক তত্ত্ব অনুসৰি "সাম্যবাদ"ৰ সৰ্বাধিক স্বীকৃত সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি প্ৰকৃত সাম্যবাদী অৰ্থনীতিৰ আৰ্হি নহয়।

তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ

↑ Ball, Terence, and Richard Dagger. [1999] 2019. "Communism" (revised ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
↑ "Communism." p. 890 in World Book Volume 4 (Ci–Cz). Chicago: World Book, Inc. 2008. আই.এচ.বি.এন. 978-0-7166-0108-1.
↑ Engels, Friedrich. [1847] 2005. "What will be the course of this revolution?" Sec. 18 in Principles of Communism, translated by P. Sweezy. Marxists Internet Archive. "Finally, when all capital, all production, all exchange have been brought together in the hands of the nation, private property will disappear of its own accord, money will become superfluous, and production will so expand and man so change that society will be able to slough off whatever of its old economic habits may remain."
↑ Bukharin, Nikolai, and Yevgeni Preobrazhensky. [1920] 1922. "Distribution in the communist system." Pp. 72–73, § 20 in The ABC of Communism, translated by E. Paul and C. Paul. London: Communist Party of Great Britain. Available in e-text.
↑ Bukharin, Nikolai, and Yevgeni Preobrazhensky. [1920] 1922. "Administration in the communist system." Pp. 73–75, § 21 in The ABC of Communism, translated by E. Paul and C. Paul. London: Communist Party of Great Britain. Available in e-text.
↑ Kurian, George Thomas, ed (2011). "Withering Away of the State". The Encyclopedia of Political Science. CQ Press. doi:10.4135/9781608712434. ISBN 978-1-933116-44-0. http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-encyclopedia-of-political-science। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: January 3, 2016.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. [1848] 1969. "Bourgeois and Proletarians." Ch. 1 in Manifesto of the Communist Party, (Marx/Engels Selected Works 1, pp. 98–137), translated by S. Moore. Moscow: Progress Publishers. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
↑ Smith, Stephen. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism. Oxford University Press, 2014. p.3
↑ Newman, Michael. 2005. Socialism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 5: "Chapter 1 looks at the foundations of the doctrine by examining the contribution made by various traditions of socialism in the period between the early 19th century and the aftermath of the First World War. The two forms that emerged as dominant by the early 1920s were social democracy and communism."
↑ Chomsky, Noam. 1986. "The Soviet Union Versus Socialism." Our Generation (Spring/Summer). via Chomsky.info. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
↑ Howard, M. C., and J. E. King. 2001. "'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union Archived 2019-07-28 at the Wayback Machine." History of Economics Review 34(1):110–26. doi:10.1080/10370196.2001.11733360.
↑ Wolff, Richard D. 27 June 2015. "Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees Archived 2018-03-11 at the Wayback Machine." Truthout. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
↑ Wilhelm, John Howard (1985). "The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy". Soviet Studies খণ্ড 37 (1): 118–30. doi:10.1080/09668138508411571.
↑ Ellman, Michael (2007). "The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning". In Estrin, Saul; Kołodko, Grzegorz W.; Uvalić, Milica. Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti. প্ৰকাশক New York City: Palgrave Macmillan. পৃষ্ঠা. 22. ISBN 978-0-230-54697-4. "In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the 'administrative-command' economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population [...]."

[:0-1] Ball, Terence, and Richard Dagger. [1999] 2019. "Communism" (revised ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 June 2020.

[2] "Communism." p. 890 in World Book Volume 4 (Ci–Cz). Chicago: World Book, Inc. 2008. আই.এচ.বি.এন. 978-0-7166-0108-1.

[3] Engels, Friedrich. [1847] 2005. "What will be the course of this revolution?" Sec. 18 in Principles of Communism, translated by P. Sweezy. Marxists Internet Archive. "Finally, when all capital, all production, all exchange have been brought together in the hands of the nation, private property will disappear of its own accord, money will become superfluous, and production will so expand and man so change that society will be able to slough off whatever of its old economic habits may remain."

[4] Bukharin, Nikolai, and Yevgeni Preobrazhensky. [1920] 1922. "Distribution in the communist system." Pp. 72–73, § 20 in The ABC of Communism, translated by E. Paul and C. Paul. London: Communist Party of Great Britain. Available in e-text.

[5] Bukharin, Nikolai, and Yevgeni Preobrazhensky. [1920] 1922. "Administration in the communist system." Pp. 73–75, § 21 in The ABC of Communism, translated by E. Paul and C. Paul. London: Communist Party of Great Britain. Available in e-text.

[6] Kurian, George Thomas, ed (2011). "Withering Away of the State". The Encyclopedia of Political Science. CQ Press. doi:10.4135/9781608712434. ISBN 978-1-933116-44-0. http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-encyclopedia-of-political-science। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: January 3, 2016.

[Marx_&_Engels_1848-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. [1848] 1969. "Bourgeois and Proletarians." Ch. 1 in Manifesto of the Communist Party, (Marx/Engels Selected Works 1, pp. 98–137), translated by S. Moore. Moscow: Progress Publishers. Retrieved 10 June 2020.

[8] Smith, Stephen. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism. Oxford University Press, 2014. p.3

[9] Newman, Michael. 2005. Socialism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 5: "Chapter 1 looks at the foundations of the doctrine by examining the contribution made by various traditions of socialism in the period between the early 19th century and the aftermath of the First World War. The two forms that emerged as dominant by the early 1920s were social democracy and communism."

[Chomsky_1986-10] Chomsky, Noam. 1986. "The Soviet Union Versus Socialism." Our Generation (Spring/Summer). via Chomsky.info. Retrieved 10 June 2020.

[State_Capitalism_in_the_Soviet_Union,_2001-11] Howard, M. C., and J. E. King. 2001. "'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union Archived 2019-07-28 at the Wayback Machine." History of Economics Review 34(1):110–26. doi:10.1080/10370196.2001.11733360.

[Wolff_2015-12] Wolff, Richard D. 27 June 2015. "Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees Archived 2018-03-11 at the Wayback Machine." Truthout. Retrieved 29 January 2020.

[The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985-13] Wilhelm, John Howard (1985). "The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy". Soviet Studies খণ্ড 37 (1): 118–30. doi:10.1080/09668138508411571.

[Ellman_2007-14] Ellman, Michael (2007). "The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning". In Estrin, Saul; Kołodko, Grzegorz W.; Uvalić, Milica. Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti. প্ৰকাশক New York City: Palgrave Macmillan. পৃষ্ঠা. 22. ISBN 978-0-230-54697-4. "In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the 'administrative-command' economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population [...]."

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