ফেচুলুকা

ফেচুলুকা (Red-vented Bulbul)
সংৰক্ষণ স্থিতি
	; কম উদ্বেগজনক (IUCN 3.1)
জীৱবৈজ্ঞানিক শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন
ৰাজ্য:	Animalia;
পৰ্ব:	Chordata;
শ্ৰেণী:	Aves;
বৰ্গ:	Passeriformes;
পৰিয়াল:	Pycnonotidae;
গণ:	Pycnonotus;
প্ৰজাতি:	P. cafer;
বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম
	Pycnonotus cafer; (Linnaeus, 1766)
সমাৰ্থক
	Molpastes cafer; Molpastes haemorrhous ; Pycnonotus pygaeus

ফেচুলুকা (ইংৰাজী: Red-vented Bulbul, বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম-Pycnonotus cafer) এবিধ মজলীয়া আকাৰৰ চৰাইৰ প্ৰজাতি। ইয়াক ভাৰত উপমহাদেশৰ শ্ৰীলংকাৰ পৰা তিব্বতলৈকে স্থানীয়ভাৱে দেখা পোৱা যায়। ^[2]

ফেচুলুকা চৰাইৰ মাত

টেক্স'নমি

The Red-vented Bulbul was originally described by Linnaeus in 1766. Several populations of this widespread species have been named as subspecies (or races). The nominate race is found in southern India.^[3] The type locality of Puducherry was designated by Erwin Stresemann.^[4]

বিৱৰণ

The Red-vented Bulbul is easily identified by its short crest giving the head a squarish appearance. The body is dark brown with a scaly pattern while the head is darker or black. The rump is white while the vent is red. The black tail is tipped in white. The Himalayan races have a more prominent crest and are more streaked on the underside.^[5]

বিতৰণ

In its native range it is rarely found in mature forests. A study based on 54 localities in India concluded that vegetation is the single most important factor that determines the distribution of the species.^[6]

It has been introduced into Hawaii, Fiji and New Zealand.

বাসস্থান

This is a bird of dry scrub, open forest, plains and cultivated lands.^[7] They were introduced to Samoa in 1943 and became common on Upolu by 1957. Red-vented Bulbuls were introduced to Fiji around 1903 by indentured labourers from India.^[8]

আচৰণ

খাদ্য

Red-vented bulbuls feed on fruits, petals of flowers,^[9] nectar, insects and occasionally geckos.^[10]^[11]

প্ৰজনন

Red-vented bulbuls build their nests in bushes at a height of around 2–3 m (7–10 ft; two or three eggs is a typical clutch. Nests are occasionally built inside houses^[12]^[13] or in a hole in a mud bank.^[14]

They breed from June to September. The eggs are pale-pinkish with spots of darker red more dense at the broad end.^[15] They are capable of having multiple clutches in a year. Nests are small flat cups made of small twigs but sometimes making use of metal wires.^[16] The eggs hatch after about 14 days.^[17] Both parents feed the chicks and on feeding trips wait for the young to excrete, swallowing the faecal sacs produced.^[18] The Pied Crested Cuckoo is a brood parasite of this species.^[19]

তথ্যসূত্ৰ

↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Pycnonotus cafer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/106007196। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 16 July 2012.
↑ Lowe S., Browne M., Boudjelas S., De Poorter M. (2000). 100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Species:A selection from the Global Invasive Species Database.. The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG). Archived from the original on 2017-03-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20170316112205/http://issg.org/database/species/reference_files/100English.pdf। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2013-06-07.
↑ উদ্ধৃতি ত্ৰুটি: অবৈধ <ref> টেগ; whistler নামৰ refৰ বাবে কোনো পাঠ্য প্ৰদান কৰা হোৱা নাই
↑ Stresemann, E. (1952). "On the birds collected by Pierre Poivre in Canton, Manila, India and Madagascar (1751–1756)". Ibis খণ্ড 94 (3): 499–523. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1952.tb01847.x.
↑ Sibley, CB; Short, LL (1959). "Hybridization in some Indian Bulbuls Pycnonotus cafer x P. leucogenys". Ibis খণ্ড 101 (2): 177–182. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1959.tb02373.x.
↑ Vijayan, VS (1975). The ecological isolation of Bulbuls (Pycnonotidae) with special reference to Pycnonotus cafer cafer and P. luteolus luteolus at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bombay.
↑ উদ্ধৃতি ত্ৰুটি: অবৈধ <ref> টেগ; rasmussen নামৰ refৰ বাবে কোনো পাঠ্য প্ৰদান কৰা হোৱা নাই
↑ Watling, D (1978). "Observations on the naturalized distribution of the Red-vented Bulbul in the Pacific, with special reference to the Fiji islands" (PDF). Notornis খণ্ড 25: 109–117. Archived from the original on 2008-10-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20081016125847/http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issues/Notornis_25-1978/Notornis_25_2.pdf। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2013-06-07.
↑ Johnson, J. M. (1989). "Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (Linne) eating petals of Magnolia". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 86 (1): 103.
↑ Bharos,AMK (1999). "Attempt by Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer to feed on a young House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 96 (2): 320.
↑ Sharma, Satish Kumar (2000). "Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer feeding on tail of House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 97 (2): 284.
↑ Dixit,D (1963). "Notes on a case of the redvented bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer (linnaeus) nesting indoors". Pavo খণ্ড 1 (1): 19–31.
↑ Inglis, CM (1922). "Curious site for nest of the Bengal Redvented Bulbul (Molpastes haemarrhous bengalensis)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 28 (4): 1135–1136. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30348226.
↑ Lamba, BS (1976). "Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer nesting in a hole in a mud bank". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 73 (2): 395.
↑ Jerdon, TC (1863). The Bird of India Volume 2. Part 1.. পৃষ্ঠা. 93–96. http://www.archive.org/stream/birdsofindiabein21jerd#page/94/mode/1up/.
↑ Lamba, BS (1968). "Wire nests of Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 65 (1): 222–223.
↑ Ali S & S D Ripley (1996). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. 6 (2 সম্পাদনা). Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 85–92.
↑ McCann, Charles (1932). "Notes on the nesting habits of the Red-vented Bulbul (Molpastes cafer)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. (3): 680–681.
↑ Tooth, EE (1902). "A Pied-Crested Cuckoo's egg Coccystes jacobinus found in the nest of the Bengal Red-vented Bulbul Molpastes bengalensis". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 14 (1): 172. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30157811.

লগতে চাওক

Shivnarayanan, N; Naik, RM (1963). "Does the male redvented bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer (linnaeus) incubate?". Pavo খণ্ড 1 (2): 128–129.
Bellary, Sadananda A; Desai,RN (2000) Unusual nesting activity of the Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer: two peculiar features. Newsletter for Birdwatchers 40(6):83–84.
Chowdhury, SR; Bhattacharyya, SP (1989) Circannual variation in the alveolar histodynamics and secretory activity of the uropygial gland of the male Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus). Pavo 27(1&2), 5–14.
Dasgupta, P; Bhattacharyya, SP (1988) Circannual changes in the testicular activity of the Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus). Pavo 26(1&2):37–48.
Deignan,HG (1949) Races of Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus) and P. aurigaster (Vieillot) in the Indo-Chinese subregion. J. Washington Acad. Sci. 39(8):273–279.
Desai, RN (1993). "Two unusual nesting sites of the Redvented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer)". In Verghese, A; Sridhar, S; Chakravarthy,AK. Bird Conservation: Strategies for the Nineties and Beyond. Ornithological Society of India, Bangalore. পৃষ্ঠা. 190. http://www.archive.org/stream/BirdConservationStrategies/BirdConservationIndia#page/n217/mode/1up/search/pycnonotus.
Desai, RN (1995). "Incubation pattern in the Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer in relation to atmospheric temperature and the phase of development of eggs". Newsletter for Birdwatchers খণ্ড 35 (2): 35–36.. http://www.archive.org/stream/NLBW35_2#page/n14/mode/1up/search/bulbul.
Desai, RN (1997). "A case of an unusually delayed breeding activity of the Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer". Newsletter for Birdwatchers খণ্ড 37 (2): 27. http://www.archive.org/stream/NLBW37_2#page/n8/mode/1up/.
Berger AJ (1964). "The breeding seasons of Indian birds". Pavo খণ্ড 2 (2): 121–122.
Shivnarayanan N, Naik RM (1963). "Does the male redvented bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer (linnaeus) incubate?". Pavo খণ্ড 01 (2): 128–129.
Dhamke Hemant A (1997). "Possible feeding on an unhatched egg by young one of Redvented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 94 (2): 413–414.
Ganguli U (1963). "Some notes on the nesting and nest behaviour of a pair of redvented bulbuls". Newsletter for Birdwatchers খণ্ড 3 (10): 2–5.
Lal, P; Thapliyal, JP (1982). "Thyroid – gonad and thyroid – body weight relationship in the red-vented bulbul, Molpastes cafer". General and comparative endocrinology খণ্ড 48 (1): 98–103. doi:10.1016/0016-6480(82)90042-9. PMID 7129090.
McCann C (1932). "Notes on the nesting habits of the Red-vented Bulbul (Molpastes cafer)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 35 (3): 680–681.
Mummigatti UG, Desai RN, Desai Sarayu (2001). "Some aspects of the developmental biology of the Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer; The nestling's food and feeding pattern, and the feeding behaviour of their parents". Newsletter for Birdwatchers খণ্ড 41 (2): 20–21.
Rana BD (1976). "Drought food of Pycnonotus cafer and Psittacula krameri in the Rajasthan desert". Newsletter for Birdwatchers খণ্ড 16 (10): 5–6.
Richards BD (1918). "Food of bulbuls". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 25 (3): 503. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5454388.
Short LL (1964). "Notes on the behaviour of the Bulbuls, Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus) and P. leucogenys (Gray) in captivity". Pavo খণ্ড 2 (1): 26–36.
Thirumurthi, S; Annamalai, R; Gunasekaran, V (1993). "Impact of stone crushing units on the populations of Redvented Bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer". In Verghese, A; Sridhar, S; Chakravarthy, AK. Bird Conservation: Strategies for the Nineties and Beyond. Ornithological Society of India, Bangalore. পৃষ্ঠা. 137–138. http://www.archive.org/stream/BirdConservationStrategies/BirdConservationIndia#page/n165/mode/1up/.
Vijayan, VS (1975) Ecological isolation of bulbuls (Family Pycnonotidae, Class Aves) with special reference to Pycnonotus cafer cafer (Linn.) and Pycnonotus luteolus luteolus (Lesson) at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bombay, Bombay.
Watling D (1986). "The timing of the moult in native and naturalised populations of the Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (Aves, Pycnonotidae)". South Pacific J. Nat. Sci. খণ্ড 8: 104–124.
Watling D (1983). "The breeding biology of the Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer in Fiji". Emu খণ্ড 83 (3): 173–180. doi:10.1071/MU9830173.

বাহ্যিক সংযোগ

Red-vented Bulbul videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
Type for Molpastes cafer after^{[সংযোগবিহীন উৎস]}
Invasive species database
New Zealand alert Archived 2008-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
Hawaii Archived 2008-10-12 at the Wayback Machine

[1] BirdLife International (2012). "Pycnonotus cafer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/106007196। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 16 July 2012.

[2] Lowe S., Browne M., Boudjelas S., De Poorter M. (2000). 100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Species:A selection from the Global Invasive Species Database.. The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG). Archived from the original on 2017-03-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20170316112205/http://issg.org/database/species/reference_files/100English.pdf। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2013-06-07.

[whistler-3] উদ্ধৃতি ত্ৰুটি: অবৈধ <ref> টেগ; whistler নামৰ refৰ বাবে কোনো পাঠ্য প্ৰদান কৰা হোৱা নাই

[4] Stresemann, E. (1952). "On the birds collected by Pierre Poivre in Canton, Manila, India and Madagascar (1751–1756)". Ibis খণ্ড 94 (3): 499–523. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1952.tb01847.x.

[5] Sibley, CB; Short, LL (1959). "Hybridization in some Indian Bulbuls Pycnonotus cafer x P. leucogenys". Ibis খণ্ড 101 (2): 177–182. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1959.tb02373.x.

[6] Vijayan, VS (1975). The ecological isolation of Bulbuls (Pycnonotidae) with special reference to Pycnonotus cafer cafer and P. luteolus luteolus at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bombay.

[rasmussen-7] উদ্ধৃতি ত্ৰুটি: অবৈধ <ref> টেগ; rasmussen নামৰ refৰ বাবে কোনো পাঠ্য প্ৰদান কৰা হোৱা নাই

[8] Watling, D (1978). "Observations on the naturalized distribution of the Red-vented Bulbul in the Pacific, with special reference to the Fiji islands" (PDF). Notornis খণ্ড 25: 109–117. Archived from the original on 2008-10-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20081016125847/http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issues/Notornis_25-1978/Notornis_25_2.pdf। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2013-06-07.

[9] Johnson, J. M. (1989). "Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (Linne) eating petals of Magnolia". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 86 (1): 103.

[10] Bharos,AMK (1999). "Attempt by Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer to feed on a young House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 96 (2): 320.

[11] Sharma, Satish Kumar (2000). "Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer feeding on tail of House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 97 (2): 284.

[12] Dixit,D (1963). "Notes on a case of the redvented bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer (linnaeus) nesting indoors". Pavo খণ্ড 1 (1): 19–31.

[13] Inglis, CM (1922). "Curious site for nest of the Bengal Redvented Bulbul (Molpastes haemarrhous bengalensis)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 28 (4): 1135–1136. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30348226.

[14] Lamba, BS (1976). "Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer nesting in a hole in a mud bank". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 73 (2): 395.

[jerdon-15] Jerdon, TC (1863). The Bird of India Volume 2. Part 1.. পৃষ্ঠা. 93–96. http://www.archive.org/stream/birdsofindiabein21jerd#page/94/mode/1up/.

[16] Lamba, BS (1968). "Wire nests of Redvented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 65 (1): 222–223.

[hbk-17] Ali S & S D Ripley (1996). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. 6 (2 সম্পাদনা). Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 85–92.

[18] McCann, Charles (1932). "Notes on the nesting habits of the Red-vented Bulbul (Molpastes cafer)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. (3): 680–681.

[19] Tooth, EE (1902). "A Pied-Crested Cuckoo's egg Coccystes jacobinus found in the nest of the Bengal Red-vented Bulbul Molpastes bengalensis". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. খণ্ড 14 (1): 172. http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30157811.

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