আৰ্টোৰ শ্ব'পেনহাৱাৰ
আৰ্টোৰ শ্ব'পেনহাৱাৰ ((/ˈʃoʊpənhaʊər/ shoh-pən-how-ər,[1] জাৰ্মান: [ˈaɐtʊɐ ˈʃoːpm̩haʊɐ] ( শুনক)) ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ এগৰাকী জাৰ্মান দাৰ্শনিক। তেওঁৰ আতাইতকৈ ইখ্যাত কৰ্ম হ'ল ১৮১৮ চনত প্ৰকাশিত আৰু ১৮৪৪ চনত বিস্তাৰিত দ্য ৱৰ্লড এজ ৱিল এণ্ড ৰিপ্ৰেজেণ্টেশ্যন। এই কৰ্মত তেওঁ দৃশ্য জগতক এক অন্ধ তাত্ত্বিক ইচ্ছাৰ ফল বুলি যুক্তি দাঙি ধৰিছে।[2][3]
দৰ্শন
[সম্পাদনা কৰক]ইমানুৱেল কাণ্টৰ অতীন্দ্ৰিয় আদৰ্শবাদৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শ্ব'পেনহাৱাৰে এক নাস্তিক অধিবিদ্যা আৰু নৈতিক ব্যৱস্থাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল যি সমকালীন জাৰ্মান আদৰ্শবাদৰ বিপৰীত আছিল।[4][5] তেওঁ এনে প্ৰথম পাশ্চাত্য দাৰ্শনিকৰ অন্যতম যিয়ে ভাৰতীয় দৰ্শন আৰু বৈৰাগ্য, আত্মনৰ অস্তিত্বহীনতা আৰু জগত-যে-মায়া সেই ধাৰণাক সঁহাৰি জনাইছিল।[6][7] তেওঁৰ কৰ্মক দাৰ্শনিক নিৰাশাবাদৰ উদাহৰণ বুলি কোৱা হয়।[8][9][10]
প্ৰভাৱ
[সম্পাদনা কৰক]তেওঁৰ জীৱিতাৱস্থাত তেওঁৰ চিন্তাই বিশেষ সঁহাৰি লাভ নকৰিলে। কিন্তু তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত দৰ্শন, সাহিত্য আৰু বিজ্ঞানত ভালেমান প্ৰভাৱ দেখা গ'ল। বৈৰাগ্য, নৈতিকতা আৰু মনোবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত তেওঁৰ লেখে অনেক চিন্তাবিদক প্ৰভাৱিত কৰিছে। এমিল কিয়'ৰিয়ান, ফ্ৰিড্ৰিখ নিৎজে,[11] লুডৱিগ ৱিৎজেনষ্টাইনৰ[12] দৰে দাৰ্শনিক, আৰৱিন শ্ৰ'ডিঙাৰ, এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইনৰ[13] দৰে বিজ্ঞানী, কাৰ্ল য়ুং, চিগমাণ্ড ফ্ৰয়ডৰ[14] দৰে মনোবিজ্ঞানী, লিয়' টলষ্টয়,[15] হাৰ্মান মেল্ভিল,[16] থমাচ মান, হাৰ্মান হেচে,[17] মাচাড' ডে আছিছ,[18] জৰ্জ লুই বৰ্জেছ, মাৰ্চেল প্ৰাউষ্ট,[19] চেমুৱেল বেকেটৰ[20] দৰে লেখক আৰু ৰিচাৰ্ড ৱেগ্নাৰ,[21] য়হানেছ ব্ৰামছ,[22] আৰ্ণল্ড শ্বৱেনবাৰ্গ[23][24] আৰু গুষ্টাভ মাহ্লেৰৰ[25] দৰে সুৰকাৰক তেওঁ প্ৰভাৱিত কৰিছে।
তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ
[সম্পাদনা কৰক]- ↑ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd সম্পাদনা), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
- ↑ Arthur Schopenhauer (2004). Essays and Aphorisms. Penguin Classics. পৃষ্ঠা. 23. ISBN 978-0-14-044227-4. https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho/page/23.
- ↑ The Oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary. 'Schopenhauer': Oxford University Press. 1991. p. 1298. আই.এচ.বি.এন. 978-0-19-861248-3.
- ↑ The World as Will and Representation, vol. 3, Ch. 50.
- ↑ Dale Jacquette, ed (2007). Schopenhauer, Philosophy and the Arts. Cambridge University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 162. ISBN 978-0-521-04406-6. "For Kant, the mathematical sublime, as seen for example in the starry heavens, suggests to imagination the infinite, which in turn leads by subtle turns of contemplation to the concept of God. Schopenhauer's atheism will have none of this, and he rightly observes that despite adopting Kant's distinction between the dynamical and mathematical sublime, his theory of the sublime, making reference to the struggles and sufferings of struggles and sufferings of Will, is unlike Kant's."
- ↑ See the book-length study about oriental influences on the genesis of Schopenhauer's philosophy by Urs App: Schopenhauer's Compass. An Introduction to Schopenhauer's Philosophy and its Origins. Wil: UniversityMedia, 2014 (আই.এচ.বি.এন. 978-3-906000-03-9)
- ↑ Hergenhahn, B. R. (2009). An Introduction to the History of Psychology (6th সম্পাদনা). Cengage Learning. পৃষ্ঠা. 216. ISBN 978-0-495-50621-8. "Although Schopenhauer was an atheist, he realized that his philosophy of denial had been part of several great religions; for example, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism."
- ↑ Arthur Schopenhauer (2004). Essays and Aphorisms. Penguin Classics. পৃষ্ঠা. 22–36. ISBN 978-0-14-044227-4. https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho/page/22. "…but there has been none who tried with so great a show of learning to demonstrate that the pessimistic outlook is justified, that life itself is really bad. It is to this end that Schopenhauer's metaphysic of will and idea exists."
- ↑ Studies in Pessimism – audiobook from LibriVox.
- ↑ Studies in Pessimism – audiobook from LibriVox.
- ↑ Addressed in: Cate, Curtis. Friedrich Nietzsche. Chapter 7.
- ↑ Culture & Value, p. 24, 1933–34
- ↑ Albert Einstein in Mein Glaubensbekenntnis Archived 2022-03-11 at the Wayback Machine (August 1932): "I do not believe in free will. Schopenhauer's words: 'Man can do what he wants, but he cannot will what he wants,[Der Mensch kann wohl tun, was er will, aber er kann nicht wollen, was er will]' accompany me in all situations throughout my life and reconcile me with the actions of others, even if they are rather painful to me. This awareness of the lack of free will keeps me from taking myself and my fellow men too seriously as acting and deciding individuals, and from losing my temper." Schopenhauer's clearer, actual words were: "You can do what you will, but in any given moment of your life you can will only one definite thing and absolutely nothing other than that one thing." [Du kannst tun was du willst: aber du kannst in jedem gegebenen Augenblick deines Lebens nur ein Bestimmtes wollen und schlechterdings nichts anderes als dieses eine.] On the Freedom of the Will, Ch. II.
- ↑ Magee, Bryan. The Philosophy of Schopenhauer. ISBN 9780198237228.
- ↑ Maertz, Gregory (1994). "Elective Affinities: Tolstoy and Schopenhauer". Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch (Harrassowitz Verlag) খণ্ড 40: 53–62. ISSN 0084-0041. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24748326.
- ↑ Melville, Herman. "Melville's Marginalia". Melville's Marginalia Online. http://melvillesmarginalia.org/Note.aspx?id=102। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 1 September 2020.
- ↑ Punsly, Kathryn (2012). The Influence of Nietzsche and Schopenhauer on Hermann Hesse. CMC Senior Theses. Paper 347. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1353&context=cmc_theses Retrieved on 19 March 2021.
- ↑ Wicks, Robert (2011). Schopenhauer's The world as will and representation : a reader's guide. প্ৰকাশক London: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-3181-3. OCLC 721337622.
- ↑ Shapshay, Sandra, "Schopenhauer's Aesthetics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/schopenhauer-aesthetics Retrieved on 19 March 2021.
- ↑ Wicks, Robert (2018). Zalta, Edward N.. ed. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/schopenhauer/.
- ↑ Shapshay, Sandra, "Schopenhauer's Aesthetics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/schopenhauer-aesthetics Retrieved on 19 March 2021.
- ↑ Shapshay, Sandra, "Schopenhauer's Aesthetics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/schopenhauer-aesthetics Retrieved on 19 March 2021.
- ↑ Shapshay, Sandra, "Schopenhauer's Aesthetics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/schopenhauer-aesthetics Retrieved on 19 March 2021.
- ↑ "Schönberg's Library – Alphabetical List". www.schoenberg.at. https://www.schoenberg.at/index.php/en/101-standard-english/1265-schoenbergs-bibliothek-a-sp-574647075। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2021-03-19.
- ↑ Shapshay, Sandra, "Schopenhauer's Aesthetics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/schopenhauer-aesthetics Retrieved on 19 March 2021.