থেৰবাদ

থেৰবাদ (/ˌtɛrəˈvɑːdə/; পালি: ථේරවාද, সংস্কৃত: 𑀣𑁂𑀭𑀯𑀸𑀤 স্থিৰবাদ^[1]^[2]) বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি সম্প্ৰদায়।^[3]^[4] থেৰবাদৰ অৰ্থ "জ্যেষ্ঠসকলৰ তত্ত্ব।" এই সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বৌদ্ধসকলক থেৰবাদিন বোলা হয়। তেওঁলোকে এহাজাৰ বছৰতকৈও অধিক সময় ধৰি পালি ধৰ্মানুশাসনত গৌতম বুদ্ধৰ বাণীৰ থেৰবাদী সংস্কৰণ সংৰক্ষণ কৰি ৰাখিছে।^[5]^[6]^[7]

বিকাশ

পালি ধৰ্মানুশাসন যিকোনো ভাৰতীয় শাস্ত্ৰীয় ভাষাত (পালি ভাষাত) অস্তিত্বত থকা আটাইতকৈ সম্পূৰ্ণ বৌদ্ধ লেখৰ সংকলন।^[8] পালি থেৰবাদৰ পৱিত্ৰ ভাষা আৰু সাধাৰণ সংযোগী ভাষা।^[9] মহাযান আৰু বজ্ৰযানৰ তুলনাত থেৰবাদ তত্ত্ব (পৰিযত্তি) আৰু অনুশাসনক (বিনয়) লৈ অধিক সংৰক্ষণশীল।^[10] উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে, থেৰবাদত মহাযান সূত্ৰক মান্যতা প্ৰদান কৰা নহয় (সকলো মহাযান সূত্ৰ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১০০ৰ পাছৰ)।^[11]^[12]

আধুনিক থেৰবাদৰ উৎস মহাবিহাৰ ক্ৰম। মহাবিহাৰ ক্ৰম শ্ৰীলংকাৰ বিভাজ্জবাদৰ পৰা অহা, যি ভাৰতৰ স্থবিৰ নিকায়ৰ পৰা অহা। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩০০ৰ পৰা শ্ৰী লংকাত ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱ বৃদ্ধি পাবলৈ ধৰিলে। শ্ৰী লংকাতেই পালি ধৰ্মানুশাসন প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে লিখিত ৰূপত তৈয়াৰ কৰা হ'ল আৰু তাৰ সমীক্ষা-সম্বন্ধীয় সাহিত্যৰ বিকাশ হ'ল।

বিশ্বাসী

শ্ৰীলংকাৰ পৰা থেৰবাদ পাছলৈ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ বিয়পিল।^[13] কম্বোডিয়া, লাওচ, ম্যানমাৰ, শ্ৰী লংকা আৰু থাইলেণ্ডত থেৰবাদিনৰ সংখ্যাগড়িষ্ঠতা আছে। ভাৰত, বাংলাদেশ, চীন, নেপাল আৰু ভিয়েটনামত ই এক সংখ্যালঘু ধৰ্ম। তদুপৰি, আন আন ঠাইতো থেৰবাদলৈ ধৰ্মান্তৰিত হোৱা লোক আছে।

আধুনিক কালত বৌদ্ধ আধুনিকতাবাদ, বিপশ্যনা আন্দোলন আদিয়ে থেৰবাদী ধ্যানক অধিক জনপ্ৰিয় কৰি তুলিছে। থাই বন পৰম্পৰাই ভাৰত, নেপাল, ইউৰোপ আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰত থেৰবাদক বিয়পোৱাত সহায় কৰিছে।

তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ

↑ Gyatso, Tenzin (2005), Bodhi, Bhikkhu, ed., In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon, প্ৰকাশক Somerville, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications, p. ix, ISBN 978-0-86171-491-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=11X1h60Qc0IC
↑ Gyatso, Tenzin (2005), Bodhi, Bhikkhu, ed., In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon, প্ৰকাশক Somerville, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications, p. ix, ISBN 978-0-86171-491-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=11X1h60Qc0IC
↑ Gyatso, Tenzin (2005), Bodhi, Bhikkhu, ed., In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon, প্ৰকাশক Somerville, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications, p. ix, ISBN 978-0-86171-491-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=11X1h60Qc0IC
↑ Reynolds, Frank E.; Kitagawa, Joseph M.; Nakamura, Hajime; Lopez, Donald S.; Tucci, Giuseppe (2018), Theravada, Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism/Historical-development, "Theravada (Pali: "Way of the Elders"; Sanskrit, Sthaviravada) emerged as one of the Hinayana (Sanskrit: "Lesser Vehicle") schools, traditionally numbered at 18, of early Buddhism. The Theravadins trace their lineage to the Sthaviravada school, one of the two major schools (the Mahasanghika was the other) that supposedly formed in the wake of the Council of Vaishali (now in Bihar state) held some 100 years after the Buddha's death. Employing Pali as their sacred language, the Theravadins preserved their version of the Buddha's teaching in the Tipitaka ("Three Baskets")."
↑ Gyatso, Tenzin (2005), Bodhi, Bhikkhu, ed., In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon, প্ৰকাশক Somerville, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications, p. ix, ISBN 978-0-86171-491-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=11X1h60Qc0IC
↑ Gyatso, Tenzin (2005), Bodhi, Bhikkhu, ed., In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon, প্ৰকাশক Somerville, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications, p. ix, ISBN 978-0-86171-491-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=11X1h60Qc0IC
↑ Gyatso, Tenzin (2005), Bodhi, Bhikkhu, ed., In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon, প্ৰকাশক Somerville, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications, p. ix, ISBN 978-0-86171-491-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=11X1h60Qc0IC
↑ Reynolds, Frank E.; Kitagawa, Joseph M.; Nakamura, Hajime; Lopez, Donald S.; Tucci, Giuseppe (2018), Theravada, Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism/Historical-development, "Theravada (Pali: "Way of the Elders"; Sanskrit, Sthaviravada) emerged as one of the Hinayana (Sanskrit: "Lesser Vehicle") schools, traditionally numbered at 18, of early Buddhism. The Theravadins trace their lineage to the Sthaviravada school, one of the two major schools (the Mahasanghika was the other) that supposedly formed in the wake of the Council of Vaishali (now in Bihar state) held some 100 years after the Buddha's death. Employing Pali as their sacred language, the Theravadins preserved their version of the Buddha's teaching in the Tipitaka ("Three Baskets")."
↑ Crosby, Kate (2013), Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity, p. 2.
↑ Gombrich, Richard (2006), Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, Routledge; 2nd edition, p. 37.
↑ Hay, Jeff (2009). "World Religions" p. 189. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.
↑ Buswell, Robert E (2004). Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism (2004), p. 293.
↑ Prebish, Charles S. (1975), Buddhism – a modern perspective, প্ৰকাশক University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, ISBN 0271011858, OCLC 1103133, https://archive.org/details/buddhismamodernp0000preb

উৎস

Braun, Eric (2018), The Insight Revolution, Lion's Roar, https://www.lionsroar.com/the-insight-revolution/
Encyclopedia of Buddhism, MacMillan, 2004
Crosby, Kate (2013), Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity, Wiley-Blackwell
Dutt, Nalinaksha (1998), Buddhist Sects in India, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
Gombrich, Richard F. (1996), Theravāda Buddhism. A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, Routledge
Gombrich, Richard F. (1997), How Buddhism Began. The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
Gomez, Luis O. (1991), Purifying Gold: The Metaphor of Effort and Intuition in Buddhist Thought and Practice. In: Peter N. Gregory (editor)(1991), Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
Gunaratana, Henepola (1994), The Path of Serenity and Insight, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
Kalupahana, David J. (1994), A history of Buddhist philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
McMahan, David L. (2008), The Making of Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195183276
Nyanaponika (1998), Het hart van boeddhistische meditatie (The heart of Buddhist Meditation), Asoka
Polak, Grzegorz (2011), Reexamining Jhana: Towards a Critical Reconstruction of Early Buddhist Soteriology, UMCS
Salgado, Nirmala S. (November 2013), Buddhist Nuns and Gendered Practice: In Search of the Female Renunciant, OUP, ISBN 978-0-19-976001-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=VXR4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA166
Tiyavanich, K. (1997), Forest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth-Century Thailand, University of Hawaii Press
Tuchrello, William P. (n.d.), The Society and Its Environment. (Religion: Historical Background section), Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/thtoc.html
Warder, A.K. (2000), Indian Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers

বাহ্যিক সংযোগ

Access to Insight – Readings in Theravāda Buddhism
The Bodhisattva Ideal in Theravāda Theory and Practice by Jeffrey Samuels
What are the teachings of Theravada Buddhism? on Tricycle's Buddhism for Beginners Series

[Bodhi2-1] Gyatso, Tenzin (2005), Bodhi, Bhikkhu, ed., In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon, প্ৰকাশক Somerville, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications, p. ix, ISBN 978-0-86171-491-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=11X1h60Qc0IC

[Bodhi3-2] Gyatso, Tenzin (2005), Bodhi, Bhikkhu, ed., In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon, প্ৰকাশক Somerville, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications, p. ix, ISBN 978-0-86171-491-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=11X1h60Qc0IC

[Bodhi4-3] Gyatso, Tenzin (2005), Bodhi, Bhikkhu, ed., In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon, প্ৰকাশক Somerville, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications, p. ix, ISBN 978-0-86171-491-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=11X1h60Qc0IC

[Britannica2-4] Reynolds, Frank E.; Kitagawa, Joseph M.; Nakamura, Hajime; Lopez, Donald S.; Tucci, Giuseppe (2018), Theravada, Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism/Historical-development, "Theravada (Pali: "Way of the Elders"; Sanskrit, Sthaviravada) emerged as one of the Hinayana (Sanskrit: "Lesser Vehicle") schools, traditionally numbered at 18, of early Buddhism. The Theravadins trace their lineage to the Sthaviravada school, one of the two major schools (the Mahasanghika was the other) that supposedly formed in the wake of the Council of Vaishali (now in Bihar state) held some 100 years after the Buddha's death. Employing Pali as their sacred language, the Theravadins preserved their version of the Buddha's teaching in the Tipitaka ("Three Baskets")."

[Bodhi5-5] Gyatso, Tenzin (2005), Bodhi, Bhikkhu, ed., In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon, প্ৰকাশক Somerville, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications, p. ix, ISBN 978-0-86171-491-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=11X1h60Qc0IC

[Bodhi6-6] Gyatso, Tenzin (2005), Bodhi, Bhikkhu, ed., In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon, প্ৰকাশক Somerville, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications, p. ix, ISBN 978-0-86171-491-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=11X1h60Qc0IC

[Bodhi7-7] Gyatso, Tenzin (2005), Bodhi, Bhikkhu, ed., In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon, প্ৰকাশক Somerville, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications, p. ix, ISBN 978-0-86171-491-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=11X1h60Qc0IC

[Britannica3-8] Reynolds, Frank E.; Kitagawa, Joseph M.; Nakamura, Hajime; Lopez, Donald S.; Tucci, Giuseppe (2018), Theravada, Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism/Historical-development, "Theravada (Pali: "Way of the Elders"; Sanskrit, Sthaviravada) emerged as one of the Hinayana (Sanskrit: "Lesser Vehicle") schools, traditionally numbered at 18, of early Buddhism. The Theravadins trace their lineage to the Sthaviravada school, one of the two major schools (the Mahasanghika was the other) that supposedly formed in the wake of the Council of Vaishali (now in Bihar state) held some 100 years after the Buddha's death. Employing Pali as their sacred language, the Theravadins preserved their version of the Buddha's teaching in the Tipitaka ("Three Baskets")."

[Crosby,_Kate_2013_p._22-9] Crosby, Kate (2013), Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity, p. 2.

[10] Gombrich, Richard (2006), Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, Routledge; 2nd edition, p. 37.

[11] Hay, Jeff (2009). "World Religions" p. 189. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.

[12] Buswell, Robert E (2004). Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism (2004), p. 293.

[13] Prebish, Charles S. (1975), Buddhism – a modern perspective, প্ৰকাশক University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, ISBN 0271011858, OCLC 1103133, https://archive.org/details/buddhismamodernp0000preb

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