পঞ্জাবী ভাষা

Punjabi
	ਪੰਜਾਬੀ; پَن٘جابی;
	; 'Punjabi' written in Shahmukhi script used in Punjab, Pakistan (top) and Gurmukhi script used in Punjab, India (bottom)
উচ্চাৰণ	locally: [pəɲˈdʒɑb̆.bi]; ইংৰাজী ভাষা/pʌnˈdʒɑːbi/;
থলুৱা অঞ্চল	Pakistan and India
অঞ্চল	পঞ্জাব, ভাৰত
জাতীয়তা	Punjabis
স্থানীয় ভাষিক	113 million (2011–2017)
ভাষা পৰিয়াল	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northwestern Punjabi; ; ; ;
পূৰ্বসূৰী	Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Indo-Aryan debated Vedic Sanskrit debated Classical Sanskrit ; ; ; ;
উপভাষা	*See Punjabi dialects
লিখন প্ৰণালী	Shāhmukhī (in Pakistan); Gurmukhī (in India); Devanāgarī (in India); Punjabi Braille; Laṇḍā (historical); Takri (historical); Mahajani (historical);
আধিকাৰিক স্থিতি
আধিকাৰিক ভাষা	পাকিস্তান; সাঁচ:Country data Punjab (provincial); ; ভাৰত ; Punjab (official); Haryana (additional); Delhi (additional); West Bengal (additional, in blocks and divisions with more than 10% of the population);
নিয়মাধীন হয়	Punjab Institute of Language, Art & Culture, Punjab, Pakistan; Department of Languages, Punjab, India
ভাষা সংকেত
ISO 639-1	pa
ISO 639-2	pan
ISO 639-3	Either:; pan – Panjabi; pnb – Western Panjabi
গ্লোটোলগ	panj1256 Eastern Panjabi; west2386 Western Panjabi
লিংগোৱাস্ফেয়াৰ	59-AAF-e
	Geographic distribution of Punjabi language in Pakistan and India.
	এই প্ৰবন্ধত IPA-ৰ ধ্বনি চিহ্নসমূহ আছে। কোনো সঠিক সহায় নললে আপুনি ধ্বনি চিহ্নসমূহৰ সলনি প্ৰশ্নবোধক চিন বা বাকচ বা আন চিহ্ন দেখা পাব পাৰে।

পঞ্জাবী বা পাঞ্জাৱী (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, پنجابی) ইণ্ডো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষা পৰিবাৰৰ ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য শাখাৰ এটি ভাষা। ই ভাৰতত পঞ্জাব ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰায় ৩ কোটি মানুহৰ মাতৃভাষা। পশ্চিম পঞ্জাবী বা লাণ্ডা পাকিস্তানৰ পঞ্জাব প্ৰদেশৰ প্ৰায় ৬ কোটি মানুহৰ মাতৃভাষা। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও আফগানিস্তান, বাংলাদেশ, যুক্তৰাজ্য, আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ আৰু কানাডাত পঞ্জাবী ভাষাৰ প্ৰচলন আছে। কানাডাত আঢ়ৈ লাখৰো অধিক মানুহে পঞ্জাবী ভাষাত কথা পাতে; সেয়ে ই কানাডাৰ ৬ষ্ঠ বৃহত্তম ভাষা। পূৰ্ৱ পঞ্জাবী ভাষা ভাৰতৰ ২২টা চৰকাৰী ভাষাৰ এটা। ভাৰতৰ পঞ্জাব ৰাজ্যত যোগাযোগ, শিক্ষা, প্ৰশাসন, ব্যৱসায় আৰু গণমাধ্যমত এই ভাষা ব্যবহৃত হয়। পাকিস্তানত পশ্চিম পঞ্জাবী ভাষাৰ কোনো চৰকাৰী স্বীকৃতি নাই। তাৰ পঞ্জাবী ভাষীসকলে মূলত ইংৰাজী আৰু উৰ্দু ভাষাৰ মাধ্যমত প্ৰশাসন, শিক্ষা, গণমাধ্যম আদিৰ কামবিলাক সম্পাদন কৰে। পঞ্জাবী ভাষা শিখ ধৰ্মাবলম্বীসকলৰ ধৰ্মীয় ভাষা। পঞ্জাবী ভাষাৰ মূল লিপি হ'ল- গুৰুমুখী লিপি।

তথ্যসূত্ৰ

↑ 80.5 million in Pakistan (2017), 31.1 in India (2011), 0.5 in Canada (2016), 0.3 in the UK (2011), 0.3 in the US (2017), 0.1 in Australia (2016). See § Geographic distribution below.
↑ Salomon, Richard (12 November 1998). Indian Epigraphy – A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC.
↑ Ollett, Andrew (10 October 2017). Language of the Snakes – Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India. Univ of California Press. ISBN 9780520968813. https://books.google.com/books?id=CFn0DwAAQBAJ.
↑ "The Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture Act 2004". punjablaws.gov.pk. http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws//474.html। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 24 September 2022.
↑ "NCLM 52nd Report". NCLM. 15 November 2016. http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 13 January 2020.
↑ "Punjab mandates all signage in Punjabi, in Gurmukhi script". 21 February 2020. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/punjab-mandates-all-signage-in-punjabi-in-gurmukhi-script/article30881840.ece. 0
↑ "All milestones, signboards in Haryana to bear info in English, Hindi and Punjabi: Education Minister". The Indian Express. 3 March 2020. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/all-milestones-signboards-in-haryana-to-bear-info-in-english-hindi-and-punjabi-education-minister-6297747/.
↑ "Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi". The Times of India. 25 June 2003. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Punjabi-Urdu-made-official-languages-in-Delhi/articleshow/43388.cms.
↑ "Multi-lingual Bengal". The Telegraph. 11 December 2012. https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp.
↑ India, Tribune (19 August 2020). "Punjabi matric exam on Aug 26". The Tribune. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/patiala/punjabi-matric-exam-on-aug-26-128241। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 18 September 2020.
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Eastern Panjabi". Glottolog 3.0. প্ৰকাশক Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/panj1256.
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Western Panjabi". Glottolog 3.0. প্ৰকাশক Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/west2386.
↑ Singh, Sikander (April 2019). "The Origin Theories of Punjabi Language: A Context of Historiography of Punjabi Language". International Journal of Sikh Studies. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353680383.
↑ Haldar, Gopal (2000). Languages of India. প্ৰকাশক New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. পৃষ্ঠা. 149. ISBN 9788123729367. "The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib."
↑ উদ্ধৃতি ত্ৰুটি: অবৈধ <ref> টেগ; :0 নামৰ refৰ বাবে কোনো পাঠ্য প্ৰদান কৰা হোৱা নাই
↑ Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). "0.2.1 – Form". Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures (First সম্পাদনা). প্ৰকাশক Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9781136451089. "Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and Old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus."
↑ Frawley, William (2003). International encyclopedia of linguistics (2nd সম্পাদনা). প্ৰকাশক Oxford: Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 423. ISBN 9780195139778.
↑ Austin, Peter (2008). One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost. প্ৰকাশক Berkeley: University of California Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 115. ISBN 9780520255609.
↑ Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 411. ISBN 9781139465502.

বাহ্যিক সংযোগ

উদ্ধৃতি ত্ৰুটি: <ref> টেগ্‌সমূহ "টোকা" নামৰ এটা গোটৰ বাবে আছে, কিন্তু তাৰ <references group="টোকা"/> টেগ্‌ পোৱা নগ'ল

[2] 80.5 million in Pakistan (2017), 31.1 in India (2011), 0.5 in Canada (2016), 0.3 in the UK (2011), 0.3 in the US (2017), 0.1 in Australia (2016). See § Geographic distribution below.

[3] Salomon, Richard (12 November 1998). Indian Epigraphy – A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC.

[4] Ollett, Andrew (10 October 2017). Language of the Snakes – Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India. Univ of California Press. ISBN 9780520968813. https://books.google.com/books?id=CFn0DwAAQBAJ.

[6] "The Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture Act 2004". punjablaws.gov.pk. http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws//474.html। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 24 September 2022.

[7] "NCLM 52nd Report". NCLM. 15 November 2016. http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 13 January 2020.

[8] "Punjab mandates all signage in Punjabi, in Gurmukhi script". 21 February 2020. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/punjab-mandates-all-signage-in-punjabi-in-gurmukhi-script/article30881840.ece. 0

[9] "All milestones, signboards in Haryana to bear info in English, Hindi and Punjabi: Education Minister". The Indian Express. 3 March 2020. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/all-milestones-signboards-in-haryana-to-bear-info-in-english-hindi-and-punjabi-education-minister-6297747/.

[10] "Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi". The Times of India. 25 June 2003. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Punjabi-Urdu-made-official-languages-in-Delhi/articleshow/43388.cms.

[Telegraph:1-11] "Multi-lingual Bengal". The Telegraph. 11 December 2012. https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp.

[12] India, Tribune (19 August 2020). "Punjabi matric exam on Aug 26". The Tribune. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/patiala/punjabi-matric-exam-on-aug-26-128241। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 18 September 2020.

[Glottolog-13] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Eastern Panjabi". Glottolog 3.0. প্ৰকাশক Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/panj1256.

[Glottolog2-14] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Western Panjabi". Glottolog 3.0. প্ৰকাশক Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/west2386.

[researchgate.net-16] Singh, Sikander (April 2019). "The Origin Theories of Punjabi Language: A Context of Historiography of Punjabi Language". International Journal of Sikh Studies. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353680383.

[Languages_of_India-17] Haldar, Gopal (2000). Languages of India. প্ৰকাশক New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. পৃষ্ঠা. 149. ISBN 9788123729367. "The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib."

[:0-18] উদ্ধৃতি ত্ৰুটি: অবৈধ <ref> টেগ; :0 নামৰ refৰ বাবে কোনো পাঠ্য প্ৰদান কৰা হোৱা নাই

[Routledge-19] Christopher Shackle; Arvind Mandair (2013). "0.2.1 – Form". Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures (First সম্পাদনা). প্ৰকাশক Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9781136451089. "Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and Old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus."

[Oxford_University_Press-20] Frawley, William (2003). International encyclopedia of linguistics (2nd সম্পাদনা). প্ৰকাশক Oxford: Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 423. ISBN 9780195139778.

[University_of_California_Press-21] Austin, Peter (2008). One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost. প্ৰকাশক Berkeley: University of California Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 115. ISBN 9780520255609.

[Language_in_South_Asia-22] Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 411. ISBN 9781139465502.

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