সমললৈ যাওক

ভাৰত: বিভিন্ন সংশোধনসমূহৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্য

অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ পৰা
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140 নং শাৰী: 140 নং শাৰী:
==তথ্যসুত্ৰ==
==তথ্যসুত্ৰ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

'''Overview'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|title=India|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html|accessdate=4 October 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Central Intelligence Agency}}}}
* {{Citation|date=December 2004|title=Country Profile: India|edition=5th|work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]]|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf|accessdate=30 September 2011|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|Library of Congress|2004}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Heitzman|first=J.|last2=Worden|first2=R. L.|date=August 1996|title=India: A Country Study|series=Area Handbook Series|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|place=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0844408330}}
* {{Citation|title=India|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=534&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=88&pr1.y=9|accessdate=14 October 2011|ref={{Sfnref|International Monetary Fund}}}}
* {{Citation|year=2011|title=Provisional Population Totals – Census 2011|work=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], Government of India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html|accessdate=29 March 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Ministry of Home Affairs|2011}}}}
* {{Citation|date=24 January 1950|title=Constituent Assembly of India—Volume XII|work=Constituent Assembly of India: Debates|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], Government of India|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Constituent Assembly of India|1950}}}}
* {{Citation|title=There's No National Language in India: Gujarat High Court
|publisher=[[The Times Of India]]|date=6 January 2007|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-25/india/28148512_1_national-language-official-language-hindi|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|The Times of India 2007}}}}
* {{Citation|year=2011|title=Human Development Report 2011|chapter=Table 1: Human Development Index and its Components|publisher=[[United Nations]]|chapter-url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|United Nations|2011}}}}
{{Refend}}

'''Etymology'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|title=Hindustan|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266465/Hindustan|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Encyclopædia Britannica}}}}
* {{Citation|editor-last=Kuiper|editor-first=K.|date=July 2010|title=Culture of India|publisher=Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1615302031|url=http://books.google.com/?id=LiqloV4JnNUC}}
* {{Citation|date=29 July 2008|title=[[Constitution of India]]|publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]]|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|accessdate=17 July 2011|format=PDF|quote=Article 1(1): "India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States."|ref={{Sfnref|Ministry of Law and Justice 2008}}}}
* {{Citation|title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|chapter=India|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|url=http://www.oed.com/|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Oxford English Dictionary}}}}
{{Refend}}

'''History'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last=Asher|first=C. B.|last2=Talbot|first2=C.|date=1 January 2008|title=India Before Europe|edition=1st|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521517508}}
* {{Citation|last=Bose|first=S.|last2=Jalal|first2=A.|author-link=Sugata Bose|author2-link=Ayesha Jalal|date=11 March 2011|title=Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy|edition=3rd|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0415779425}}
* {{Citation|last=Brown|first=J. M.|author-link=Judith M. Brown|date=26 May 1994|title=Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy|edition=2nd|series=[[The Short Oxford History of the Modern World]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0198731139|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PaKdsF8WzbcC}}
* {{Citation|last=Copland|first=I.|date=8 October 2001|title=India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire|edition=1st|publisher=[[Longman]]|isbn=978-0582381735|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Citation|last=Kulke|first=H.|last2=Rothermund|first2=D.|author-link=Hermann Kulke|date=1 August 2004|title=A History of India|series=4th|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0415329200|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC}}
* {{Citation|last=Ludden|first=D.|date=13 June 2002|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|publisher=[[One World Media|One World]]|isbn=978-1851682379}}
* {{Citation|last=Metcalf|first=B.|last2=Metcalf|first2=T. R.|author-link=Barbara Metcalf|author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf|date=9 October 2006|title=A Concise History of Modern India|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521682251|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C}}
* {{Citation|last=Peers|first=D. M.|date=3 August 2006|title=India under Colonial Rule 1700–1885|edition=1st|publisher=[[Pearson Education|Pearson Longman]]|isbn=978-0582317383|url=http://books.google.com/?id=6iNuAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Citation|last=Possehl|first=G.|author-link=Gregory Possehl|title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective|date=January 2003|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Rowman Altamira]]|isbn=978-0759101722|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC}}
* {{Citation|last=Robb|first=P.|title=A History of India|year=2001|publisher=London: Palgrave|isbn=978-0333691298}}
* {{Citation|last=Sarkar|first=S.|year=1983|title=Modern India: 1885-1947|place=|publisher=Delhi: Macmillan India Ltd|isbn=978-0333904251|url=http://books.google.com/?id=rVxuAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Citation|last=Singh|first=U.|author-link=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|year=2009|publisher=[[Longman]]|location=Delhi|isbn=978-8131716779|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC}}
* {{Citation|last=Sripati|first=V.|year=1998|title=Toward Fifty Years of Constitutionalism and Fundamental Rights in India: Looking Back to See Ahead (1950–2000)|journal=American University International Law Review|volume=14|issue=2|pages=413–496}}
* {{Citation|last=Stein|first=B.|author-link=Burton Stein|date=15 June 1998|year=2008|title=A History of India
|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|place=Oxford|isbn=978-0631205463|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SXdVS0SzQSAC}}
* {{Citation|date=17 December 2009|title=Briefing Rooms: India|work=Economic Research Service|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]|url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/India/|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|United States Department of Agriculture}}}}
*{{Citation|last=Thapar|first=Romila|title=Penguin history of early India: from the origins to A.D.1300|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=O2OgAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=13 February 2012|year=2003|publisher=Penguin Books}}
* {{Citation|last=Wolpert|first=S.|author-link=Stanley Wolpert|date=25 December 2003|title=A New History of India|edition=7th|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0195166781}}
{{Refend}}

'''Geography'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last=Ali|first=J. R.|last2=Aitchison|first2=J. C.|year=2005|title=Greater India|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|volume=72|issue=3–4|pages=170–173|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005}}
* {{Citation|last=Chang|first=J. H.|year=1967|title=The Indian Summer Monsoon|periodical=Geographical Review|volume=57|issue=3|pages=373–396|doi=10.2307/212640}}
* {{Citation|year=1988|title=Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988|publisher=Department of Environment and Forests, Government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|url=http://forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf|accessdate=25 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|Department of Environment and Forests|1988}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Dikshit|first=K. R.|last2=Schwartzberg|first2=Joseph E.|author2-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg|title=India|chapter=Land|chapter-url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|pages=1–29|ref={{Sfnref|Dikshit & Schwartzberg}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Kumar|first=V. S.|last2=Pathak|first2=K. C.|last3=Pednekar|first3=P.|last4=Raju|first4=N. S. N.|year=2006|title=Coastal processes along the Indian coastline|periodical=Current Science|volume=91|issue=4|pages=530–536
|url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/350/1/Curr_Sci_91_530.pdf|format=PDF}}
* {{Citation|year=2007|title=India Yearbook 2007|publisher=Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]]|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-8123014234|ref={{Sfnref|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|2007}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Posey|first=C. A.|date=1 November 1994|title=The Living Earth Book of Wind and Weather|publisher=[[Reader's Digest Association|Reader's Digest]]|isbn=978-0895776259}}
* {{Citation|last=Prakash|first=B.|last2=Kumar|first2=S.|last3=Rao|first3=M. S.|last4=Giri|first4=S. C.|year=2000|title=Holocene Tectonic Movements and Stress Field in the Western Gangetic Plains|journal=Current Science|volume=79|issue=4|pages=438–449|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|Prakash et al.|2000}}}}
{{Refend}}

'''Biodiversity'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last=Ali|first=S. (author)|last2=Ripley|first2=S. D. (author)|last3=Dick|first3=J. H. (illustrator)|author-link=Salim Ali (ornithologist)|author2-link=S. Dillon Ripley|date=15 August 1996|title=A Pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|place=Mumbai|isbn=978-0195637328}}
* {{Citation|last=Basak|first=R. K.|year=1983|title=Botanical Survey of India: Account of Its Establishment, Development, and Activities|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yXAVcgAACAAJ|accessdate=20 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|year=2007|title=Hotspots by Region|work=Biodiversity Hotspots|publisher=[[Conservation International]]|url=http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/hotspots_by_region/Pages/default.aspx|accessdate=28 February 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Conservation International|2007}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Crame|first=J. A.|last2=Owen|first2=A. W.|date=1 August 2002|title=Palaeobiogeography and Biodiversity Change: The Ordovician and Mesozoic–Cenozoic Radiations|series=Geological Society Special Publication|issue=194|publisher=[[Geological Society of London]]|isbn=978-1862391062|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YswVy5YolYsC&pg=PA142|accessdate=8 December 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Fisher|first=W. F.|date=January 1995|title=Toward Sustainable Development?: Struggling over India's Narmada River|series=Columbia University Seminars|publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|isbn=978-1563243417|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=n-iwqh2hS9kC}}
* {{Citation|last=Griffiths|first=M.|date=6 July 2010|title=The Lotus Quest: In Search of the Sacred Flower|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]|isbn=978-0312641481|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f2cbyTCeq-EC}}
* {{Citation|last=Karanth|first=K. P.|date=25 March 2006
|title=Out-of-India Gondwanan Origin of Some Tropical Asian Biota|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=90|issue=6|publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]|pages=789–792|format=PDF|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf|accessdate=18 May 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Mace|first=G. M.|date=March 1994|title=1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals|work=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]|isbn=978-2831701943|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dyy0HilL9ecC&pg=PR4}}
* {{Citation|title=Biosphere Reserves of India|work=C. P. R. Environment Education Centre|publisher=[[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Government of India]]|url=http://www.cpreec.org/pubbook-biosphere.htm|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Ministry of Environment and Forests}}}}
* {{Citation|date=9 September 1972|title=Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972|publisher=[http://moef.nic.in/index.php Ministry of Environments and Forests], Government of India|url=http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html|accessdate=25 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Ministry of Environments and Forests 1972}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Puri|first=S. K.|title=Biodiversity Profile of India|url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/cesmg/indiabio.html|accessdate=20 June 2007|ref={{Sfnref|Puri}}}}
* {{Citation|date=4 June 2007|title=The List of Wetlands of International Importance|publisher=The Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands|page=18|url=http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf|accessdate=20 June 2007|format=PDF|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070621011113/http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf|archivedate=21 June 2007|ref={{Sfnref|Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Tritsch|first=M. F.|date=3 September 2001|title=Wildlife of India|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|place=London|isbn=978-0007110629|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aNRQAAAACAAJ}}
{{Refend}}

'''Politics'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last=Bhambhri|first=C. P.|date=1 May 1992|title=Politics in India, 1991–1992|publisher=Shipra|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pf5HAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=20 July 2011|isbn=978-8185402178}}
* {{Citation|last=Burnell|first=P. J.|last2=Calvert|first2=P.|date=1 May 1999|title=The Resilience of Democracy: Persistent Practice, Durable Idea|edition=1st|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-0714680262|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hv6TkML5_HAC&pg=PA271|accessdate=20 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=16 May 2009|title=Second UPA Win, A Crowning Glory for Sonia's Ascendancy|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/second-upa-wincrowning-glory-for-sonia%5Cs-ascendancy/61892/on|accessdate=13 June 2009|ref={{Sfnref|Business Standard|2009}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Chander|first=N. J.|date=1 January 2004|title=Coalition Politics: The Indian Experience|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-8180690921|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=G_QtMGIczhMC&pg=PA117|accessdate=20 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Dunleavy|first=P.|last2=Diwakar|first2=R.|last3=Dunleavy|first3=C.|year=2007|title=The Effective Space of Party Competition|issue=5|publisher=[[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]|url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/government/research/resgroups/PSPE/pdf/PSPE_WP5_07.pdf|accessdate=27 September 2011|format=PDF}}
* {{Citation|last=Dutt|first=S.|year=1998|title=Identities and the Indian State: An Overview|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=19|issue=3|pages=411–434|doi=10.1080/01436599814325}}
* {{Citation|last=Echeverri-Gent|first=J.|editor-last=Ayres|editor-first=A.|editor2-last=Oldenburg|editor2-first=P.|date=January 2002|title=Quickening the Pace of Change|chapter=Politics in India's Decentred Polity|series=India Briefing|publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|place=London|pages=19–53|isbn=978-0765608123}}
* {{Citation|date=14 March 2009|title=Current Recognised Parties|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/Symbols_Sep_2009.pdf|accessdate=5 July 2010|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|Election Commission of India}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Gledhill|first=A.|date=30 March 1970|title=The Republic of India: The Development of its Laws and Constitution|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0837128139|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cHAjPQAACAAJ|accessdate=21 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=24 December 2004|title=Narasimha Rao Passes Away|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122408870100.htm|accessdate=2 November 2008|ref={{Sfnref|The Hindu 2008}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Mathew|first=K. M.|date=1 January 2003|title=Manorama Yearbook|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]|isbn=978-8190046183|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jDaLQwAACAAJ|accessdate=21 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|title=National Symbols of India|work=Know India|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], [[Government of India]]|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php|accessdate=27 September 2009|ref={{Sfnref|National Informatics Centre|2005}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Neuborne|first=B.|year=2003|title=The Supreme Court of India|journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law|volume=1|issue=1|pages=476–510|doi=10.1093/icon/1.3.476}}
* {{Citation|last=Pylee|first=M. V.|year=2003|title=Constitutional Government in India|chapter=The Longest Constitutional Document|edition=2nd|publisher=[[S. Chand]]|isbn=978-8121922036|url=http://books.google.com/?id=veDUJCjr5U4C|ref={{Sfnref|Pylee|2003|a}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Pylee|first=M. V.|year=2003|title=Constitutional Government in India|chapter=The Union Judiciary: The Supreme Court|edition=2nd|publisher=[[S. Chand]]|isbn=978-8121922036|url=http://books.google.com/?id=veDUJCjr5U4C&pg=PA314|accessdate=2 November 2007|ref={{Sfnref|Pylee|2003|b}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Sarkar|first=N. I.|title=Sonia Gandhi: Tryst with India|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Atlantic|isbn=978-8126907441<!--8126907444-->|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=26flsWUf8fkC|accessdate=20 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Sharma|first=R.|year=1950|title=Cabinet Government in India|journal=Parliamentary Affairs|volume=4|issue=1|pages=116&ndash;126}}
* {{Citation|last=Sharma|first=B. K.|date=August 2007|title=Introduction to the Constitution of India|edition=4th|publisher=[[Prentice Hall]]|isbn=978-8120332461<!--8120332466-->|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=srDytmFE3KMC&pg=PA161}}
* {{Citation|last=Sinha|first=A.|year=2004|title=The Changing Political Economy of Federalism in India|journal=India Review|volume=3|issue=1|pages=25&ndash;63|doi=10.1080/14736480490443085}}
* {{Citation|title=World's Largest Democracy to Reach One Billion Persons on Independence Day|publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs|United Nations]] [[Commission on Population and Development|Population Division]]|url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/pubsarchive/india/ind1bil.htm|accessdate=5 October 2011|ref={{Sfnref|United Nations Population Division}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Wheare|first=K. C.|date=June 1980|title=Federal Government|edition=4th|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0313227028}}
{{Refend}}

'''Foreign relations and military'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last=Alford|first=P.|date=7 July 2008|title=G8 Plus 5 Equals Power Shift|publisher=[[The Australian]]|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/g8-plus-5-equals-power-shift/story-e6frg6t6-1111116838759|accessdate=21 November 2009|ref={{Sfnref|Alford|2008}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Behera|first=L. K.|date=7 March 2011|title=Budgeting for India's Defence: An Analysis of Defence Budget 2011&ndash;2012|publisher=[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]|url=http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget2011-12_lkbehera_070311|accessdate=4 April 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=11 February 2009|title=Russia Agrees India Nuclear Deal|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7883223.stm|accessdate=22 August 2010|ref={{Sfnref|British Broadcasting Corporation 2009}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Curry|first=B.|date=27 June 2010|title=Canada Signs Nuclear Deal with India|publisher=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/news/canada-signs-nuclear-deal-with-india/article1620801/|accessdate=13 May 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=8 April 2008|title=India, Europe Strategic Relations|work=Europa: Summaries of EU Legislation|publisher=[[European Union]]|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/external_relations/relations_with_third_countries/asia/r14100_en.htm|accessdate=14 January 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Europa 2008}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Ghosh|first=A.|title=India's Foreign Policy|date=1 September 2009|publisher=[[Pearson PLC|Pearson]]|isbn=978-8131710258|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC}}
* {{Citation|last=Gilbert|first=M.|date=17 December 2002|title=A History of the Twentieth Century|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company|William Morrow]]|isbn=978-0060505943|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jhwY1j8Ao3kC&pg=PA486|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=5 October 2009|title=India, Russia Review Defence Ties|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2514142.ece|accessdate=8 October 2011|ref={{Sfnref|The Hindu 2011}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Kumar|first=A. V.|date=1 May 2010|title=Reforming the NPT to Include India|work=Bulletin of Atomic Scientists|url=http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/reforming-the-npt-to-include-india|accessdate=1 Nov 2010}}
* {{Citation|last=Miglani|first=S.|date=28 February 2011|title=With An Eye on China, India Steps Up Defence Spending|publisher=[[Reuters]]|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/28/india-budget-military-idUSSGE71R02Y20110228|accessdate=6 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Nair|first=V. K.|year=2007|title=No More Ambiguity: India's Nuclear Policy|url=http://www.afsa.org/fsj/oct02/nair.pdf|accessdate=7 June 2007|format=PDF|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927041401/http://www.afsa.org/fsj/oct02/nair.pdf|archivedate=27 September 2007}}
* {{Citation|last=Pandit|first=R.|date=27 July 2009|title=N-Submarine to Give India Crucial Third Leg of Nuke Triad|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-27/india/28212143_1_nuclear-powered-submarine-ins-arihant-nuclear-submarine|accessdate=10 March 2010}}
* {{Citation|last=Perkovich|first=G.|date=5 November 2001|title=India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0520232105|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UDA9dUryS8EC|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=25 January 2008|title=India, France Agree on Civil Nuclear Cooperation|publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jan/25france.htm|accessdate=22 August 2010|ref={{Sfnref|Rediff 2008 a}}}}
* {{Citation|date=13 February 2010|title=UK, India Sign Civil Nuclear Accord|publisher=[[Reuters]]|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/13/us-india-britain-nuclear-idUSTRE61C21E20100213?type=politicsNews|accessdate=22 August 2010|ref={{Sfnref|Reuters|2010}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Ripsman|first=N. M.|last2=Paul|first2=T. V.|date=18 March 2010|title=Globalization and the National Security State|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0195393903|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7P87HIh9ajMC&pg=PA130|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Rothermund|first=D.|date=17 October 2000|title=The Routledge Companion to Decolonization|edition=1st|series=Routledge Companions to History|publisher=[[Routledge]]|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ez37H0UPt_YC|isbn=978-0415356329}}
* {{Citation|date=10 January 2011|title=India Gets Its First Homegrown Fighter Jet|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20110110/162090932.html|accessdate=1 April 2009|ref={{Sfnref|Russian International News Agency 2011}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Sharma|first=S. R.|date=1 January 1999|title=India&ndash;USSR Relations 1947&ndash;1971: From Ambivalence to Steadfastness|volume=1|publisher=Discovery|isbn=978-8171414864<!--8171414869-->|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vTEge1JWK8oC}}
* {{Citation|last=Shukla|first=A.|date=5 March 2011|title=China Matches India's Expansion in Military Spending|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/china-matches-india%5Cs-expansion-in-military-spending/427365/|accessdate=6 July 2011}}
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* {{Citation|date=8 August 2008|title=SIPRI Yearbook 2008: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security|work=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0199548958|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EAyQ9KCJE2gC&pg=PA178|accessdate=22 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2008}}}}
* {{Citation|date=14 March 2011|title=India World's Largest Arms Importer According to New SIPRI Data on International Arms Transfers|work=Stockholm International Peace Research Initiative|url=http://www.sipri.org/media/pressreleases/armstransfers|accessdate=4 April 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Stockholm International Peace Research Initiative 2011}}}}
* {{Citation|date=11 October 2008|title=India, US Sign 123 Agreement|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-11/india/27905286_1_indian-nuclear-market-sign-landmark-civil-nuclear-field|accessdate=21 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|The Times of India 2008}}}}
{{Refend}}

'''Economy'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last=Alamgir|first=J.|date=24 December 2008|title=India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-0415776844|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JL7QfWJ5Yk0C|accessdate=23 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Bonner|first=B|date=20 March 2010|title=Make Way, World. India Is on the Move|publisher=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/The-Daily-Reckoning/2010/0320/Make-way-world.-India-is-on-the-move|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Bonner|2010}}}}
* {{Citation|date=18 November 2010|title=India Lost $462bn in Illegal Capital Flows, Says Report|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11782795|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|British Broadcasting Corporation 2010 c}}}}
* {{Citation|date=9 April 2010|title=India Second Fastest Growing Auto Market After China|work=[[Business Line]]|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/article988689.ece?ref=archive|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Business Line 2010}}}}
* {{Citation|date=8 October 2011|title=India's Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester Shirts|publisher=[[The Economist]]|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21531527|accessdate=9 October 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Economist 2011}}}}
* {{Citation|date=13 October 2009|title=Indian Car Exports Surge 36%|work=Express India|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Indian-car-exports-surge-36/528633/|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Express India 2009}}}}
* {{Citation|date=April 2011|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=20&pr.y=6&sy=1991&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=548%2C566%2C524%2C578%2C534%2C536%2C429&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|International Monetary Fund 2011}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Farrell|first=D.|last2=Beinhocker|first2=E.|date=19 May 2007|title=Next Big Spenders: India's Middle Class|publisher=[[McKinsey & Company]]|url=http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/mginews/bigspenders.asp|accessdate=17 September 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Gargan|first=E. A.|date=15 August 1992|title=India Stumbles in Rush to a Free Market Economy|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/15/world/india-stumbles-in-rush-to-a-free-market-economy.html|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=June 2011|title=World Economic Outlook Update|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/update/02/pdf/0611.pdf|accessdate=22 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|International Monetary Fund 2011}}}}
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* {{Citation|date=October 2007|title=Economic Survey of India 2007: Policy Brief|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/52/39452196.pdf|accessdate=22 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Pal|first=P.|last2=Ghosh|first2=J.|title=Inequality in India: A Survey of Recent Trends|work=Economic and Social Affairs: DESA Working Paper No. 45|date=July 2007|publisher=[[United Nations]]|url=http://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2007/wp45_2007.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF}}
* {{Citation|date=January2011|title=The World in 2050: The Accelerating Shift of Global Economic Power: Challenges and Opportunities|publisher=[[PwC|PricewaterhouseCoopers]]|url=http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/world-2050/pdf/world-in-2050-jan-2011.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|PwC|2011}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Schwab|first=K.|year=2010|title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2010&ndash;2011|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf|accessdate=10 May 2011|format=PDF}}
* {{Citation|last=Sheth|first=N.|date=28 May 2009|title=Outlook for Outsourcing Spending Brightens|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124344190542659025.html#articleTabs_comments%3D%26articleTabs%3Darticle|accessdate=3 October 2010}}
* {{Citation|date=6 April 2011|title=Information Note to the Press (Press Release No.29 /2011)|publisher=[[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]]|url=http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/trai/upload/PressReleases/816/Press_release_feb%20-11.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|Telecom Regulatory Authority 2011}}}}
* {{Citation|date=28 August 2009|title=Exporters Get Wider Market Reach|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-28/india-business/28205417_1_strategies-and-policy-measures-foreign-trade-policy-focus-market-scheme|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|The Times of India 2009}}}}
* {{Citation|date=26 October 2011|title=Corruption Perception Index 2010&mdash;India Continues to be Corrupt|publisher=[[Transparency International]]|url=http://transparencyindia.org/resource/press_release/Corruption%20Perception%20Index%20(CPI)%202010.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|Transparency International 2010}}}}
* {{Citation|title=New Global Poverty Estimates&mdash;What It Means for India|publisher=[[World Bank]]|url=http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21880725~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|World Bank a}}}}
* {{Citation|title=India: Undernourished Children&mdash;A Call for Reform and Action|work=[[World Bank]]|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|World Bank b}}}}
* {{Citation|date=29 May 2006|title=Inclusive Growth and Service Delivery: Building on India's Success|publisher=[[World Bank]]|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/DPR_FullReport.pdf|accessdate=7 May 2009|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|World Bank 2006}}}}
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* {{Citation|date=26 March 2010|title=Trade to Expand by 9.5% in 2010 After a Dismal 2009, WTO Reports|publisher=[[World Trade Organisation]]|url=http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres10_e/pr598_e.htm|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|World Trade Organisation 2010}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Yep|first=E.|date=27 September 2011|title=ReNew Wind Power Gets $201 Million Goldman Investment|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204422404576595972728958728.html|accessdate=27 September 2011}}
{{Refend}}

'''Demographics'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last=Bonner|first=A.|year=1990|title=Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|isbn=978-0822310488|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uxJlAgRemHgC|accessdate=24 July 2011}}
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* {{Citation|last=Dev|first=S. M.|last2=Rao|first2=N. C.|year=2009|title=India: Perspectives on Equitable Development|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-8171886852|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=adhKjRoTjcIC}}
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* {{Citation|last=Mallikarjun|first=B|date=November 2004|title=Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi&mdash;The Official Language of India|journal=[http://www.languageinindia.com/index.html ''Language in India'']|volume=4|issue=11|issn=19302940|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2004/mallikarjunmalaysiapaper1.html|accessdate=24 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=27 April 1960|title=Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|url=http://rajbhasha.nic.in/enpres-1960.htm|accessdate=13 May 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Ministry of Home Affairs 1960}}}}
* {{Citation|date=2010&ndash;2011|title=Religious Composition|work=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/religion.aspx|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Ministry of Home Affairs 2010&ndash;2011}}}}
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* {{Citation|last=Rorabacher|first=J. A.|year=2010|title=Hunger and Poverty in South Asia|publisher=Gyan|isbn=978-8121210270|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=u6hriMcSsE4C}}
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* {{Citation|date=November 2006|title=Country Cooperation Strategy: India|publisher=[[World Health Organisation]]|url=http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_ind_en.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|World Health Organisation 2006}}}}
{{Refend}}

'''Culture'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last=Binmore|first=K. G.|date=27 March 2007|title=Playing for Real: A Text on Game Theory|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0195300574|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eY0YhSk9ujsC&pg=PA98}}
* {{Citation|date=1 August 2010|title=Saina Nehwal: India's Badminton Star and "New Woman"|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10725584|accessdate=5 October 2010|ref={{Sfnref|British Broadcasting Corporation 2010 a}}}}
* {{Citation|date=7 October 2010|title=Commonwealth Games 2010: India Dominate Shooting Medals|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9068886.stm|accessdate=3 June 2011|ref={{Sfnref|British Broadcasting Corporation 2010 b}}}}
* {{Citation|date=2 March 2007|title=UN Report Slams India for Caste Discrimination|work=[[CBC News Network]]|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2007/03/02/india-dalits.html|accessdate=17 July 2007|ref={{Sfnref|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2007}}}}
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* {{Citation|last=Das|first=S. K.|date=1 January 2005|title=A History of Indian Literature, 500&ndash;1399: From Courtly to the Popular|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=978-8126021710}}
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* {{Citation|last=Deutsch|first=E.|date=30 April 1969|title=Advaita Vedānta: A Philosophical Reconstruction|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=978-0824802714|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=63gdKwhHeV0C}}
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* {{Citation|date=18 November 2009|title=Southern Movies Account for over 75% of Film Revenues|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-18/news/27638208_1_film-industry-small-budget-movies-farokh-balsara|accessdate=18 June 2011|ref={{Sfnref|The Economic Times}}}}
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* {{Citation|last=Hart|first=G. L.|date=August 1975|title=Poems of Ancient Tamil: Their Milieu and Their Sanskrit Counterparts|edition=1st|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0520026728|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=a5KwQwAACAAJ}}
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* {{Citation|last=Kumar|first=V.|title=Vastushastra|edition=2nd|series=All You Wanted to Know About Series|date=January 2000|publisher=[[Sterling Publishing]]|isbn=978-8120721999}}
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* {{Citation|last=Massey|first=R.|last2=Massey|first2=J.|year=1998|title=The Music of India|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-8170173328|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yySNDP9XVggC}}
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* {{Citation|date=24 September 2010|title=Is Boxing the New Cricket?|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/09/24211250/Is-boxing-the-new-cricket.html|accessdate=5 October 2010|ref={{Sfnref|Mint 2010}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Nakamura|first=H.|date=1 April 1999|title=Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes|edition=12th|series=Buddhist Tradition Series|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-8120802728|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC}}
* {{Citation|last=Raichlen|first=S.|date=10 May 2011|title=A Tandoor Oven Brings India's Heat to the Backyard|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/11/dining/a-tandoor-oven-brings-indias-heat-to-the-backyard.html|accessdate=14 June 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Rajadhyaksha|first=A. (editor)|last2=Willemen (editor)|first2=P.|date=22 January 1999|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema|edition=2nd|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|isbn=978-0851706696|ref={{Sfnref|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Ramanujan|first=A. K. (translator)|author-link=A. K. Ramanujan|date=15 October 1985|title=Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|place=New York|pages=ix&ndash;x|isbn=978-0231051071|url=http://books.google.com/?id=nIybE0HRvdQC<!--|quote=These poems are 'classical,' i.e. early, ancient; they are also 'classics,' i.e. works that have stood the test of time, the founding works of a whole tradition. Not to know them is not to know a unique and major poetic achievement of Indian civilisation. Early classical Tamil literature (c. 100 BC&ndash;AD 250) consists of the Eight Anthologies (''Eţţuttokai''), the Ten Long Poems (''Pattuppāţţu''), and a grammar called the ''Tolkāppiyam'' or the 'Old Composition.'&nbsp;... The literature of classical Tamil later came to be known as ''Cankam'' (pronounced ''Sangam'') literature.-->}}
* {{Citation|title=Anand Crowned World Champion|date=29 October 2008|publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/oct/29anand.htm|accessdate=29 October 2008|ref={{Sfnref|Rediff 2008 b}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Sarma|first=S.|date=1 January 2009|title=A History of Indian Literature|edition=2nd|volume=1|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-8120802643}}
* {{Citation|last=Schwartzberg|first=J.|year=2011|title=India|chapter=Caste|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46404/Caste|accessdate=17 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Tarlo|first=E.|date=1 September 1996|title=Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India|edition=1st|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0226789767|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ByoTXhXCuyAC|accessdate=24 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=9 August 2010|title=Sawant Shoots Historic Gold at World Championships|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-09/shooting/28278530_1_tejaswini-sawant-50m-rifle-world-shooting-championship|accessdate=25 May 2011|ref={{Sfnref|The Times of India 2010}}}}
* {{Citation|date=11 September 2009|title=India Aims for Center Court|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203440104574406704026883502.html|accessdate=29 September 2010|ref={{Sfnref|The Wall Street Journal 2009}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Xavier|first1=L.|date=12 September 2010|title=Sushil Kumar Wins Gold in World Wrestling Championship|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-12/wrestling/28272312_1_sushil-kumar-first-indian-wrestler-semifinal-bout|accessdate=5 October 2010}}
* {{Citation|last=Yadav|first=S. S.|last2=McNeil|first2=D.|last3=Stevenson|first3=P. C.|date=23 October 2007|title=Lentil: An Ancient Crop for Modern Times|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=978-1402063121|url=http://books.google.com/?id=VfT6hZHpXPkC&pg=PA174<!--|quote=But it has been red lentils which have "fed the masses" particularly in the Indian subcontinent. Lentils are a staple food in many regions.-->}}
* {{Citation|last=Zvelebil|first=K. V.|date=1 August 1997|title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-9004093652|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC}}
{{Refend}}

==বহ্যিক সংযোগ==
{{osmrelation|304716}}
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* [http://india.gov.in/ National Portal] of the Government of India
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/india.htm India] at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder|UCB]] Government Information Library
* {{Dmoz|Regional/Asia/India}}
* {{Wikitravel}}
{{Refend}}








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15:41, 13 February 2012ৰ সংস্কৰণ

ভাৰত গণৰাজ্য
भारत गणराज्य
Horizontal tricolour flag bearing, from top to bottom, deep saffron, white, and green horizontal bands. In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue wheel with 24 spokes. Three lions facing left, right, and toward viewer, atop a frieze containing a galloping horse, a 24-spoke wheel, and an elephant. Underneath is a motto: "सत्यमेव जयते".
নীতিবাক্য

"সত্যমেব জয়তে" (সংস্কৃত)
सत्यमेव जयते (দেৱনাগৰী)
ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সঙ্গীত

জন গন মন
জাতীয় সংগীত: চিত্ৰ:Vande Mataram.ogg
বন্দেমাতৰম
ভাৰত-ৰ অৱস্থান
ভাৰত-ৰ অৱস্থান
ভাৰতৰ দ্বাৰা শাসিত অঞ্চলক গাঢ় সেউজীয়া ৰঙেৰে দেখুওৱা হৈছে;
দাবী কৰে যদিও অশাসিত অঞ্চলক পাতল সেউজীয়া ৰঙেৰে দেখুওৱা হৈছে।
ৰাজধানীনতুন দিল্লী
বৃহত্তম নগৰ মুম্বাই
ৰাষ্ট্ৰভাষা (সমূহ) হিন্দী, ইংৰাজী
স্বীকৃত আঞ্চলিক ভাষাসমূহ
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ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা সংবিধানে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা নাই
জাতীয়তাসূচক বিশেষণ ভাৰতীয়
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জিনি সহগ? (2004) 36.8 (79th)
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কলিং ক'ড +৯১

ভাৰত, যি দেশৰ চৰকাৰী নাম ভাৰতীয় প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ, দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অৱস্থিত এখন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ। ভৌগোলিক আয়তনৰ ফালৰ পৰা ভাৰত পৃথিবীৰ ভিতৰত সপ্তম বৃহত্তম ৰাষ্ট্ৰ, জনসংখ্যাৰ ফালৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয় তথা সৰ্ববৃহৎ গণতন্ত্ৰ। দক্ষিণে ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ, পশ্চিমে আৰৱ সাগৰ আৰু পূবে বঙ্গোপ উপসাগৰৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিবেষ্টিত ভাৰতৰ মূঠ উপকূলৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য হ'ল ৭৫১৭ কিলোমিটাৰ (৪৬৭১ মাইল)। এই দেশৰ চাৰিসীমাত অৱস্থিত ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সমূহ হ'ল: পশ্চিমে পাকিস্তান, উত্তৰ-পূবত চীন, নেপাল আৰু ভূটান, পূবে বাংলাদেশ আৰু ম্যানমাৰ। ভাৰত মহাসাগৰৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত শ্ৰীলঙ্কা, মালদ্বীপ আৰু ইন্দোনেচিয়া ভাৰতৰ নিকতৱৰ্তি ৰাষ্ট্ৰ। হিন্দু সভ্যতাৰ বসতি অঞ্চল তথা ঐতিহাসিক বাণিজ্য পথ আৰু একাধিক বিশাল সম্ৰাজ্যৰ পটভূমি ভৰতীয় উপমহাদেশ ইয়াৰ সুদীৰ্ঘ অৰ্থনৈতিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ বাবে সুপৰিচিত। পৃথিৱীৰ চাৰি প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম- হিন্দু, বৌদ্ধ, জৈন আৰু শিখ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি ভাৰতত। খ্ৰিষ্টীয় প্ৰথম সহস্ৰাব্দত খ্ৰিষ্টান, ইহুদি, যৰৃখ্ৰৃষ্টীয় আৰু ইচলাম ধৰ্ম ভাৰতত প্ৰবেশ কৰে আৰু বিধিতাময় ভাৰতীয় সভ্যতাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথম ভাগত ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী ভাৰতত প্ৰবেশ কৰে আৰু লাহে লাহে ভাৰতৰ ভূ-খণ্ডক নিজৰ অধিন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ঊনবংশ শতিকাৰ মাজ ভাগলৈকে সমগ্ৰ ভাৰত বৃটিছ যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ উপনিবেশত পৰিণত হয়। অবশেষত অহিংস গৌৰৱময় স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামৰ ফলত ১৯৪৭ চনৰ ১৫ আগষ্টত ভাৰতে এখন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ হিচাপে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে।

ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য

ভাৰতত ২৮ ৰাজ্য , আৰু ৬ খন কেন্দ্ৰীয শাসিত অঞ্চল আছে। ৰাজধানী দিল্লী। ৰাজ্যত নিজৰ প্ৰশাসনীয় ব্যৱস্থা আছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰে শাসন কৰে। তলত ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহ আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ ৰাজধানীৰ তালিকা দিয়া হৈছে।

ৰাজ্য

  1. অন্ধ্ৰ প্ৰদেশ
  2. অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ
  3. অসম
  4. বিহাৰ
  5. ছত্তীছ গড়
  6. গোৱা
  7. গুজৰাট
  8. হাৰিয়ানা
  9. হিমাচল প্ৰদেশ
  10. জম্মূ আৰু কাশ্মীৰ
  11. ঝাৰখণ্ড
  12. কৰ্ণাটক
  13. কেৰেলা
  14. মধ্য প্ৰদেশ

১৫. মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ
১৬. মণিপুৰ
১৭. মেঘালয়
১৮. মিজোৰাম
১৯. নাগালেণ্ড
২০. উৰিষ্যা
২১. পাঞ্জাব
২২. ৰাজস্থান
২৩. চিক্কিম
২৪. তামিল নাডু
২৫. ত্ৰিপুৰা
২৬. উত্তৰাখণ্ড
২৭. উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ
২৮. পশ্চিমবঙ্গ


কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চল

  1. আণ্ডামান আৰু নিকোবাৰ দ্বীপ পুঞ্জ
  2. ছণ্ডীগড়
  3. দাদৰা নগৰ হাবেলি
  4. দমন দিউ
  5. লাক্ষা দ্বীপ
  6. পণ্ডিচ্চেৰী

ৰাজধানী

  1. দিল্লী
ভাৰত ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতীকসমূহ[2]
পতাকা ত্ৰিৰঙ্গা
প্ৰতীক অশোক স্তম্ভ
সংগীত জন গণ মন
স্তোত্ৰ বন্দে মাতৰম্‌
পশু বাঘ (ঢেঁকীয়াপতীয়া বাঘ)
ঐতিহ্যবাহী পশু ভাৰতীয় হাতী
পক্ষী ভাৰতীয় ময়ূৰ
জলচৰ প্ৰাণী শিহু
ফুল পদুম
গছ বট গছ
ফল আম
খেল হকী
বৰ্ষপঞ্জী শকাব্দ
নদী গঙ্গা[3]

তথ্যসুত্ৰ

  1. "Human Development Report 2011". United Nations. 2011. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 5 November 2011. 
  2. "National Symbols of India". ENVIS Centre on Hygiene, Sanitation, Sewage Treatment Systems and Technology. http://www.sulabhenvis.nic.in/Database/NationalSymbolsofIndia_226.aspx। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2022-04-09. 
  3. জাতীয় নদী গঙ্গা

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