ভাৰত
(Republic of Indiaৰ পৰা পুনঃনিৰ্দেশিত)
| ভাৰত গণৰাজ্য भारत गणराज्य
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| নীতিবাক্য "सत्यमेव जयते" (সংস্কৃত, দেৱনাগৰী) সত্যমেৱ জয়তে |
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| ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সঙ্গীত জন গণ মন |
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| জাতীয় সংগীত বন্দে মাতৰম্ |
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.svg) গাঢ় সেউজীয়া ৰং ত দেখুওৱা এলেকা ভাৰতৰ দ্বাৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত; পাতল সেউজীয়া ৰং ত দেখুওৱা অঞ্চলবোৰ ভাৰতে দাবী কৰে যদিও নিয়ন্ত্ৰণাধীন নহয়।
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| ৰাজধানী | নতুন দিল্লী | |||||
| বৃহত্তম নগৰ | মুম্বাই | |||||
| ৰাষ্ট্ৰভাষা (সমূহ) | হিন্দী, ইংৰাজী | |||||
| স্বীকৃত আঞ্চলিক ভাষাসমূহ | ||||||
| ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা | সংবিধানে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা নাই | |||||
| জাতীয়তাসূচক বিশেষণ | ভাৰতীয় | |||||
| চৰকাৰ | সংসদীয় গণতন্ত্ৰ | |||||
| - | ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি | দ্ৰৌপদী মূৰ্মু | ||||
| - | প্ৰধান মন্ত্ৰী | নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী (বি জে পি) | ||||
| - | লোকসভাৰ অধ্যক্ষ | ঔম বিৰলা (বি জে পি) | ||||
| - | মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশ | সঞ্জীৱ খান্না | ||||
| স্বাধীনতা | ব্ৰিটিছ যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ পৰা | |||||
| - | স্বাধীনতা লাভ | ১৫ আগষ্ট ১৯৪৭ | ||||
| - | গণতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | ২৬ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৫০ | ||||
| মাটিকালি | ||||||
| - | মুঠ | ৩২,৮৭,২৬৩ বৰ্গ কিমি (সপ্তম) ১২,৬৯,২১৯ বৰ্গ মাইল |
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| - | জলভাগ (%) | ৯.৬ (৩,১৫,৫৭৭ বৰ্গ কিমি) | ||||
| জনসংখ্যা | ||||||
| - | ২০১১ লোকপিয়ল | ১,৩২,৬৫,৭২,০০০ (২য়) | ||||
| - | ঘনত্ব | ৩৯৩.৬ প্ৰতি বৰ্গকিমি (৩১তম) প্ৰতি বৰ্গমাইল |
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| জিডিপি (পিপিপি) | ২০১৭ আনুমানিক | |||||
| - | মুঠ | $৯.৪৮৯ ত্ৰিলিয়ন (৩য়) | ||||
| - | জনমুৰি | $৭,১৫৩ | ||||
| জিডিপি (নামমাত্ৰ) | ২০১৭ আনুমানিক | |||||
| - | মুঠ | $২.৪৫৪ ত্ৰিলিয়ন (৬ষ্ঠ) | ||||
| - | জনমুৰি | $১,৮৫০ | ||||
| জিনি সহগ? (২০১৩) | ৩৩.৯ (৭৯তম) | |||||
| মানৱ উন্নয়ন সূচক (২০১৫) |  ০.৬২৪[1] (মধ্যম) (১৩১) |
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| মুদ্ৰা | ভাৰতীয় টকা (₹) |
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| সময় অঞ্চল | ভাৰতীয় মান সময় (ইউটিচি+০৫:৩০) | |||||
| - | গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন (ডিএছটি) | পালন কৰা নহয় (ইউটিচি+০৫:৩০) | ||||
| তাৰিখ বিন্যাস | dd/mm/yyyy | |||||
| গাড়ী চলোৱা হয় | বাওঁ ফালে | |||||
| ইণ্টাৰনেট টিএলডি | .in; .ভাৰত | |||||
| কলিং ক'ড | +৯১ | |||||
ভাৰত বা ভাৰতীয় প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ (ইংৰাজী: Republic of India) দক্ষিণ এছিয়াত অৱস্থিত এখন সাৰ্বভৌম গণতান্ত্ৰিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰ। ভৌগোলিক আয়তনৰ ফালৰ পৰা ভাৰত পৃথিৱীৰ ভিতৰত সপ্তম বৃহত্তম ৰাষ্ট্ৰ, জনসংখ্যাৰ ফালৰ পৰা প্ৰথম তথা সৰ্ববৃহৎ গণতন্ত্ৰ। দক্ষিণে ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ, পশ্চিমে আৰৱ সাগৰ আৰু পূবে বঙ্গোপ সাগৰৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিবেষ্টিত ভাৰতৰ মুঠ উপকূলৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য হ'ল ৭,৫১৭ কিলোমিটাৰ (৪,৬৭১ মাইল)। এই দেশৰ চাৰিসীমাত অৱস্থিত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ হ'ল- পশ্চিমে পাকিস্তান, উত্তৰ-পূবত চীন, নেপাল আৰু ভূটান, পূবে বাংলাদেশ আৰু ম্যানমাৰ। ভাৰত মহাসাগৰৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত শ্ৰীলঙ্কা, মালদ্বীপ আৰু ইন্দোনেচিয়া লগতে থাইলেণ্ড ভাৰতৰ নিকতৱৰ্তী ৰাষ্ট্ৰ। হিন্দু সভ্যতাৰ বসতি অঞ্চল তথা ঐতিহাসিক বাণিজ্য পথ আৰু একাধিক বিশাল সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পটভূমি ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশ ইয়াৰ সুদীৰ্ঘ অৰ্থনৈতিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ বাবে সুপৰিচিত। পৃথিৱীৰ চাৰি প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম- হিন্দু, বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম, জৈন ধৰ্ম আৰু শিখ ধৰ্মৰ উৎপত্তি ভাৰতত। মধ্যযুগৰ আৰম্ভণিতে খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম, ইছলাম, ইহুদী আৰু পাৰ্চী ধৰ্মই ভাৰতৰ দক্ষিণ আৰু পশ্চিম উপকূলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে আৰু বিধিতাময় ভাৰতীয় সভ্যতাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।[2] অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথম ভাগত ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী ভাৰতত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে আৰু লাহে লাহে ভাৰতৰ ভূ-খণ্ডক নিজৰ অধীন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ মাজ ভাগলৈকে সমগ্ৰ ভাৰত ব্ৰিটিছ উপনিবেশত পৰিণত হয়। অৱশেষত অহিংস গৌৰৱময় স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামৰ ফলত ১৯৪৭ চনৰ ১৫ আগষ্টত ভাৰতে এখন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ হিচাপে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে।
ব্যুৎপত্তি
[সম্পাদনা কৰক]ভাৰতীয় মহাকাব্য আৰু ভাৰতৰ সংবিধান দুয়োটাতে উল্লেখ কৰা 'ভাৰত' শব্দটো, বহু ভাৰতীয়েই ভিন্ন ভাষাত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে ।
ইতিহাস
[সম্পাদনা কৰক]প্ৰাচীন ভাৰত
[সম্পাদনা কৰক]মধ্যযুগৰ ভাৰত
[সম্পাদনা কৰক]আধুনিক ভাৰত
[সম্পাদনা কৰক]ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চল
[সম্পাদনা কৰক]প্ৰধান প্ৰবন্ধ: ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ
ভাৰতত ২৮ খন ৰাজ্য আৰু ৮ খন কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চল আছে। ৰাজধানী নতুন দিল্লী। ৰাজ্যৰ নিজৰ প্ৰশাসনীয় ব্যৱস্থা আছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰে শাসন কৰে। তলত ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহ আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত ৰাজ্যসমূহৰ ৰাজধানীৰ তালিকা দিয়া হৈছে।
কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চল
[সম্পাদনা কৰক]উল্লেখযোগ্য যে 'দাদৰা আৰু নগৰ হাভেলী' আৰু 'দমন আৰু দিউ' নামৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চল দুটা একেলগ কৰি 'দাদৰা আৰু নগৰ হাভেলী আৰু দমন আৰু দিউ' নামৰ এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চল গঠনৰ প্ৰস্তাৱৰ কথা ভাৰত চৰকাৰে ২০১৯ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত ঘোষণা কৰিছিল । উক্ত বিধেয়কখন ২০১৯ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত সংসদত গৃহীত হয় আৰু ২০২০ চনৰ ২৬ জানুৱাৰীৰ পৰা কাৰ্যকৰী হয় ।[3]
ৰাজধানী
[সম্পাদনা কৰক]ভাৰতৰ ভাষা
[সম্পাদনা কৰক]প্ৰধান প্ৰবন্ধ: ভাৰতীয় ভাষা
হিন্দী হৈছে ভাৰতৰ অধিকাৰিক (অফিছিয়েল) ভাষা। ইংৰাজীক সহকাৰী অধিকাৰিক ভাষা হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয়। ৰাজ্য ভেদে স্থানীয় ভাষাক অধিকাৰিক ভাষা হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয়। ২০০৩ বৰ্ষৰ ৯২তম সংবিধান সংশোধনী অনুসৰি ভাৰতৰ স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত অধিকাৰিক ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা হৈছে ২২টা। এই ভাষাসমূহ হ’ল:
| ভাষা | ভাষা পৰিয়াল | ভাষীকৰ সংখ্যা (২০০১, নিযুতত)[4] | ৰাজ্য |
|---|---|---|---|
| অসমীয়া | হিন্দ-আৰ্য্য, পূৰ্বাঞ্চল | ১৩ | অসম, অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ |
| উৰ্দু | হিন্দ-আৰ্য্য, মধ্য | ৫২ (ভাৰতত) | জম্মু-কাশ্মীৰ, অন্ধ্ৰ প্ৰদেশ, দিল্লী, বিহাৰ, উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ |
| ওড়িয়া | হিন্দ-আৰ্য্য, পূৰ্বাঞ্চল | ৩৩ | উৰিষ্যা |
| কন্নড় | দ্ৰাবিড় | ৩৮ | কৰ্ণাটক |
| কাশ্মিৰী | হিন্দ-আৰ্য্য | ৫.৫ | জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ |
| কোংকণী | হিন্দ-আৰ্য্য, দ্বাক্ষীণাত্য | ২.৫ | গোৱা, কৰ্ণাটক, মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ, কেৰালা |
| গুজৰাটী | হিন্দ-আৰ্য্য, পশ্চিমাঞ্চল | ৪৬ | দাদৰা আৰু নগৰ হাৱেলি, দমন আৰু দিউ, গুজৰাট |
| চাঁওতালি | মুন্ডা | ৬.৫ | বিহাৰ, ছত্তীছগঢ়, ঝাড়খণ্ড আৰু উৰিষ্যাৰ অংশবিশেষ লৈ গঠিত চোট্টা নাগপুৰ পথাৰ-ৰ চাঁওতালি আদিবাসী সকল |
| ডোগ্ৰী | হিন্দ-আৰ্য্য, উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমাঞ্চল | ২.৩ | জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ |
| তামিল | দ্ৰাবিড় | ৬১ | তামিলনাডু, আন্দামান আৰু নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, পণ্ডিচেৰী |
| তেলেগু | দ্ৰাবিড় | ৭৪ | আন্দামান নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, অন্ধ্ৰ প্ৰদেশ, পণ্ডিচেৰী |
| নেপালী | হিন্দ-আৰ্য্য, উত্তৰাঞ্চল | ২.৯ (ভাৰতত) | ছিক্কিম, পশ্চিমবংগ, অসম |
| পঞ্জাবী | হিন্দ-আৰ্য্য, উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমাঞ্চল | ২৯ (ভাৰতত) | চণ্ডিগড়, দিল্লী, হাৰিয়ানা, পঞ্জাব |
| বঙালী | হিন্দ-আৰ্য্য, পূৰ্বাঞ্চল | ৮৩ (ভাৰতত) | পশ্চিমবংগ, ত্ৰিপুৰা, আন্দামান আৰু নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ আৰু অসমৰ বৰাক উপত্যকাত |
| বড়ো | তিব্বত-বৰ্মা | ১.৪ | অসম |
| মণিপুৰী (মেইতেই) | তিব্বত-বৰ্মা | ১.৫ | মণিপুৰ |
| মালয়ালম | দ্ৰাবিড় | ৩৩ | কেৰালা, আন্দামান আৰু নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, লাক্ষাদ্বীপ, পণ্ডিচেৰী |
| মাৰাঠী | হিন্দ-আৰ্য্য, দাক্ষিনাত্য | ৭২ | মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ, গোৱা, দাদৰ আৰু নগৰ হাৱেলি, দমন আৰু দিউ, মধ্য প্ৰদেশ, কৰ্ণাটক |
| মৈথিলী | হিন্দ-আৰ্য্য, পূৰ্বাঞ্চল | ১২ | বিহাৰ |
| সংস্কৃত | হিন্দ-আৰ্য্য | ০.০১ | অক্ষেত্ৰীয় |
| সিন্ধী | হিন্দ-আৰ্য্য, উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমাঞ্চল | ২.৫ (ভাৰতত) | অক্ষেত্ৰীয় |
| আদৰ্শ হিন্দী | হিন্দ-আৰ্য্য, মধ্য | অজ্ঞাত[5] | আন্দামান আৰু নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ, বিহাৰ, চণ্ডীগড়, ছত্তীছগঢ়, ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ৰাজধানী অঞ্চল দিল্লী, হাৰিয়ানা, হিমাচল প্ৰদেশ, ঝাড়খণ্ড, মধ্য প্ৰদেশ, ৰাজস্থান, উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ আৰু উত্তৰাখণ্ড |
ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতীক
[সম্পাদনা কৰক] ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতীকসমূহ[6] | |
|---|---|
| পতাকা | ত্ৰিৰঙ্গা |
| প্ৰতীক | অশোক স্তম্ভ |
| সংগীত | জন গণ মন |
| স্তোত্ৰ | বন্দে মাতৰম্ |
| পশু | বাঘ (ঢেঁকীয়াপতীয়া বাঘ) |
| ঐতিহ্যবাহী পশু | ভাৰতীয় হাতী |
| পক্ষী | ভাৰতীয় ময়ূৰ |
| জলচৰ প্ৰাণী | শিহু |
| ফুল | পদুম |
| গছ | বট গছ |
| ফল | আম |
| খেল | হকী |
| বৰ্ষপঞ্জী | শকাব্দ |
| নদী | গঙ্গা[7] |
উল্লেখযোগ্য যে হকী ভাৰতৰ 'অনাধিকাৰিক (আন-অ'ফিছিয়েল) ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় খেল'। ২০২০ চনত মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ধুলে জিলাৰ ময়ূৰেশ আগৰৱাল নামৰ এজন শিক্ষকে আৰ.টি.আই. (তথ্য জনাৰ অধিকাৰ)ৰ অধীনত ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় খেল হকী হয় নে নহয় এই সন্দৰ্ভত উত্তৰ বিচাৰি কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰৰ ক্ৰীড়া আৰু যুৱ কল্যাণ মন্ত্ৰালয়লৈ আবেদন জনায়। তাৰ উত্তৰত চৰকাৰে জানিবলৈ দিয়ে যে ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ দ্বাৰা হকী এতিয়াও ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় খেল হিচাপে অনুমোদিত বা গৃহীত হোৱা নাই।[8]
তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ
[সম্পাদনা কৰক]- ↑ "Human Development Report 2011". United Nations. 2011. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 5 November 2011.
- ↑
(a) Ludden 2014, পৃষ্ঠা 54;
(b) Asher & Talbot 2006, পৃষ্ঠা 78–79;
(c) Fisher 2018, পৃষ্ঠা 76 - ↑ [1]
- ↑ অধিকাৰিক ২০০১ লোকপিয়লৰ তথ্য
- ↑ ২০০১ৰ জনগণনাত হিন্দী ভাষী লোকৰ সংখ্যা ভিন্ন ভিন্ন পোৱা যায়, ২৫.৮ কোটি আৰু ৪২.২ কোটি। কিন্তু দুয়োটাতে মানিক হিন্দীৰ লগতে অন্য ভাষা, যেনে ৰাজস্থানী (৮০ নিযুত), ভোজপুৰী (৪০ নিযুত), অৱধি (৩৮ নিযুত), ছত্তীছগঢ় (১৮ নিযুত) আৰু অন্যান্য ভাষাৰ ১০ নিযুততকৈ অধিক ভাষীকক অন্তৰ্ভূক্ত কৰা হৈছে।
- ↑ "National Symbols of India". ENVIS Centre on Hygiene, Sanitation, Sewage Treatment Systems and Technology. http://www.sulabhenvis.nic.in/Database/NationalSymbolsofIndia_226.aspx। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2022-04-09.
- ↑ জাতীয় নদী গঙ্গা
- ↑ [2]
অধিক পঢ়ক
[সম্পাদনা কৰক]Overview
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Etymology
- Hindustan, Encyclopædia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266465/Hindustan, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 17 July 2011
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History
- Asher, C. B.; Talbot, C. (1 January 2008), India Before Europe (1st সম্পাদনা), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521517508
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Geography
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Biodiversity
- Ali, S. (author); Ripley, S. D. (author); Dick, J. H. (illustrator) (15 August 1996), A Pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent (2nd সম্পাদনা), প্ৰকাশক Mumbai: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195637328
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Politics
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- Sharma, R. (1950), "Cabinet Government in India", Parliamentary Affairs খণ্ড 4 (1): 116–126
- Sharma, B. K. (August 2007), Introduction to the Constitution of India (4th সম্পাদনা), Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-8120332461, http://books.google.com/books?id=srDytmFE3KMC&pg=PA161
- Sinha, A. (2004), "The Changing Political Economy of Federalism in India", India Review খণ্ড 3 (1): 25–63, doi:10.1080/14736480490443085
- World's Largest Democracy to Reach One Billion Persons on Independence Day, United Nations Population Division, http://www.un.org/esa/population/pubsarchive/india/ind1bil.htm, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 5 October 2011
- Wheare, K. C. (June 1980), Federal Government (4th সম্পাদনা), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0313227028
Foreign relations and military
- Alford, P. (7 July 2008), G8 Plus 5 Equals Power Shift, The Australian, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/g8-plus-5-equals-power-shift/story-e6frg6t6-1111116838759, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 21 November 2009
- Behera, L. K. (7 March 2011), Budgeting for India's Defence: An Analysis of Defence Budget 2011–2012, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, archived from the original on 24 September 2015, https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033402/http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget2011-12_lkbehera_070311, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 4 April 2011
- "Russia Agrees India Nuclear Deal", BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation), 11 February 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7883223.stm, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 22 August 2010
- Curry, B. (27 June 2010), Canada Signs Nuclear Deal with India, The Globe and Mail, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/news/canada-signs-nuclear-deal-with-india/article1620801/, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 13 May 2011
- "India, Europe Strategic Relations", Europa: Summaries of EU Legislation (European Union), 8 April 2008, http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/external_relations/relations_with_third_countries/asia/r14100_en.htm, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 14 January 2011
- Ghosh, A. (1 September 2009), India's Foreign Policy, Pearson, ISBN 978-8131710258, http://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC
- Gilbert, M. (17 December 2002), A History of the Twentieth Century, William Morrow, ISBN 978-0060505943, http://books.google.com/books?id=jhwY1j8Ao3kC&pg=PA486, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 22 July 2011
- India, Russia Review Defence Ties, The Hindu, 5 October 2009, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2514142.ece, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 8 October 2011
- Kumar, A. V. (1 May 2010), "Reforming the NPT to Include India", Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/reforming-the-npt-to-include-india, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 1 Nov 2010
- Miglani, S. (28 February 2011), With An Eye on China, India Steps Up Defence Spending, Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/28/india-budget-military-idUSSGE71R02Y20110228, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 6 July 2011
- Nair, V. K. (2007) (PDF), No More Ambiguity: India's Nuclear Policy, archived from the original on 27 September 2007, https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041401/http://www.afsa.org/fsj/oct02/nair.pdf, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 7 June 2007
- Pandit, R. (27 July 2009), N-Submarine to Give India Crucial Third Leg of Nuke Triad, The Times of India, archived from the original on 11 August 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110811144548/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-27/india/28212143_1_nuclear-powered-submarine-ins-arihant-nuclear-submarine, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 10 March 2010
- Perkovich, G. (5 November 2001), India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520232105, http://books.google.com/books?id=UDA9dUryS8EC, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 22 July 2011
- India, France Agree on Civil Nuclear Cooperation, Rediff, 25 January 2008, http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jan/25france.htm, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 22 August 2010
- UK, India Sign Civil Nuclear Accord, Reuters, 13 February 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/13/us-india-britain-nuclear-idUSTRE61C21E20100213?type=politicsNews, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 22 August 2010
- Ripsman, N. M.; Paul, T. V. (18 March 2010), Globalization and the National Security State, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195393903, http://books.google.com/books?id=7P87HIh9ajMC&pg=PA130, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 22 July 2011
- Rothermund, D. (17 October 2000), The Routledge Companion to Decolonization, Routledge Companions to History (1st সম্পাদনা), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415356329, http://books.google.com/books?id=ez37H0UPt_YC
- India Gets Its First Homegrown Fighter Jet, RIA Novosti, 10 January 2011, http://en.rian.ru/world/20110110/162090932.html, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 1 April 2009
- Sharma, S. R. (1 January 1999), India–USSR Relations 1947–1971: From Ambivalence to Steadfastness, 1, Discovery, ISBN 978-8171414864, http://books.google.com/books?id=vTEge1JWK8oC
- Shukla, A. (5 March 2011), China Matches India's Expansion in Military Spending, Business Standard, http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/china-matches-india%5Cs-expansion-in-military-spending/427365/, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 6 July 2011
- Sisodia, N. S.; Naidu, G. V. C. (2005), Changing Security Dynamic in Eastern Asia: Focus on Japan, Promilla, ISBN 978-8186019528, http://books.google.com/books?id=jSgfLG3Ib9wC
- "SIPRI Yearbook 2008: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security", Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Oxford University Press), 8 August 2008, ISBN 978-0199548958, http://books.google.com/books?id=EAyQ9KCJE2gC&pg=PA178, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 22 July 2011
- "India World's Largest Arms Importer According to New SIPRI Data on International Arms Transfers", Stockholm International Peace Research Initiative, 14 March 2011, http://www.sipri.org/media/pressreleases/armstransfers, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 4 April 2011
- India, US Sign 123 Agreement, The Times of India, 11 October 2008, archived from the original on 7 November 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021602/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-11/india/27905286_1_indian-nuclear-market-sign-landmark-civil-nuclear-field, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 21 July 2011
Economy
- Alamgir, J. (24 December 2008), India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0415776844, http://books.google.com/books?id=JL7QfWJ5Yk0C, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- Bonner, B (20 March 2010), Make Way, World. India Is on the Move, Christian Science Monitor, http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/The-Daily-Reckoning/2010/0320/Make-way-world.-India-is-on-the-move, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- "India Lost $462bn in Illegal Capital Flows, Says Report", BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation), 18 November 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11782795, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- "India Second Fastest Growing Auto Market After China", Business Line, 9 April 2010, http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/article988689.ece?ref=archive, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- India's Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester Shirts, The Economist, 8 October 2011, http://www.economist.com/node/21531527, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 9 October 2011
- "Indian Car Exports Surge 36%", Express India, 13 October 2009, archived from the original on 2 January 2013, https://archive.ph/20130102144817/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/indian-car-exports-surge-36/528633/, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, International Monetary Fund, April 2011, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=20&pr.y=6&sy=1991&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=548%2C566%2C524%2C578%2C534%2C536%2C429&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- Farrell, D.; Beinhocker, E. (19 May 2007), Next Big Spenders: India's Middle Class, McKinsey & Company, archived from the original on 16 November 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20111116211914/http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/mginews/bigspenders.asp, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 17 September 2011
- Gargan, E. A. (15 August 1992), India Stumbles in Rush to a Free Market Economy, The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/15/world/india-stumbles-in-rush-to-a-free-market-economy.html, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 22 July 2011
- (PDF) World Economic Outlook Update, International Monetary Fund, June 2011, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/update/02/pdf/0611.pdf, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 22 July 2011
- Nayak, P. B.; Goldar, B.; Agrawal, P. (10 November 2010), India's Economy and Growth: Essays in Honour of V. K. R. V. Rao, SAGE Publications, ISBN 978-8132104520, http://books.google.com/books?id=N1Ho2SGXUHwC
- Olson, R. G. (21 December 2009), "Technology and Science in Ancient Civilizations", Praeger Series on the Ancient World (Praeger), ISBN 978-0275989361, http://books.google.com/books?id=0vP50ra6SYAC, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 27 September 2011
- (PDF) Economic Survey of India 2007: Policy Brief, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, October 2007, archived from the original on 14 January 2009, https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195857/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/52/39452196.pdf, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 22 July 2011
- Pal, P.; Ghosh, J. (July 2007), "Inequality in India: A Survey of Recent Trends" (PDF), Economic and Social Affairs: DESA Working Paper No. 45 (United Nations), http://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2007/wp45_2007.pdf, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- (PDF) The World in 2050: The Accelerating Shift of Global Economic Power: Challenges and Opportunities, PricewaterhouseCoopers, January2011, archived from the original on 1 February 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110201120211/http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/world-2050/pdf/world-in-2050-jan-2011.pdf, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- Schwab, K. (2010) (PDF), The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011, World Economic Forum, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 10 May 2011
- Sheth, N. (28 May 2009), "Outlook for Outsourcing Spending Brightens", The Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124344190542659025.html#articleTabs_comments%3D%26articleTabs%3Darticle, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 3 October 2010
- (PDF) Information Note to the Press (Press Release No.29 /2011), Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, 6 April 2011, archived from the original on 16 May 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110516025431/http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/trai/upload/PressReleases/816/Press_release_feb%20-11.pdf, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- Exporters Get Wider Market Reach, The Times of India, 28 August 2009, archived from the original on 29 January 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/20140129074251/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-28/india-business/28205417_1_strategies-and-policy-measures-foreign-trade-policy-focus-market-scheme, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- (PDF) Corruption Perception Index 2010—India Continues to be Corrupt, Transparency International, 26 October 2011, archived from the original on 28 July 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110728123451/http://transparencyindia.org/resource/press_release/Corruption%20Perception%20Index%20(CPI)%202010.pdf, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- New Global Poverty Estimates—What It Means for India, World Bank, http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21880725~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- "India: Undernourished Children—A Call for Reform and Action", World Bank, archived from the original on 13 June 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20180613011526/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- (PDF) Inclusive Growth and Service Delivery: Building on India's Success, World Bank, 29 May 2006, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/DPR_FullReport.pdf, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 7 May 2009
- India Country Overview September 2010, World Bank, September 2010, archived from the original on 22 May 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110522115104/http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20195738~menuPK%3A295591~pagePK%3A141137~piPK%3A141127~theSitePK%3A295584%2C00.html, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- Trade to Expand by 9.5% in 2010 After a Dismal 2009, WTO Reports, World Trade Organisation, 26 March 2010, http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres10_e/pr598_e.htm, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- Yep, E. (27 September 2011), ReNew Wind Power Gets $201 Million Goldman Investment, The Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204422404576595972728958728.html, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 27 September 2011
Demographics
- Bonner, A. (1990), Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today, Duke University Press, ISBN 978-0822310488, http://books.google.com/books?id=uxJlAgRemHgC, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 24 July 2011
- (PDF) Healthcare in India: Report Highlights, Boston Analytics, January 2009, archived from the original on 26 February 2009, https://web.archive.org/web/20090226074045/http://bostonanalytics.com/india_watch/Healthcare%20in%20India%20Executive%20Summary.pdf, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- Dev, S. M.; Rao, N. C. (2009), India: Perspectives on Equitable Development, Academic Foundation, ISBN 978-8171886852, http://books.google.com/books?id=adhKjRoTjcIC
- Dharwadker, A. (28 October 2010), "Representing India's Pasts: Time, Culture, and Problems of Performance Historiography", in Canning, C. M.; Postlewait, T., Representing the Past: Essays in Performance Historiography, University of Iowa Press, ISBN 978-1587299056, http://books.google.com/books?id=Rgf0gbml2ocC, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 24 July 2011
- Drèze, J.; Goyal, A. (9 February 2009), "The Future of Mid-Day Meals", in Baru, R. V., School Health Services in India: The Social and Economic Contexts, SAGE Publications, ISBN 978-8178298733, http://books.google.com/books?id=aQ39RO9OET4C&pg=PA46
- Dyson, T.; Visaria, P. (7 July 2005), "Migration and Urbanisation: Retrospect and Prospects", in Dyson, T.; Casses, R.; Visaria, L., Twenty-First Century India: Population, Economy, Human Development, and the Environment, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199283828, http://books.google.com/books?id=bqU9T5c0wlYC
- Garg, S. C. (19 April 2005) (PDF), Mobilizing Urban Infrastructure Finance in India, World Bank, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMF/Resources/339747-1105651852282/Garg.pdf, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 27 January 2010
- Mallikarjun, B (November 2004), "Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi—The Official Language of India", Language in India খণ্ড 4 (11), ISSN 19302940, http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2004/mallikarjunmalaysiapaper1.html, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 24 July 2011
- Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, 27 April 1960, http://rajbhasha.nic.in/enpres-1960.htm, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 13 May 2011
- "Religious Composition", Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India), 2010–2011, http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/religion.aspx, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- "Census Data 2001", Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India), 2010–2011, http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/National_Summary/National_Summary_DataPage.aspx, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 22 July 2011
- Ottenheimer, H. J. (2008), The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology, Cengage, ISBN 978-0495508847, http://books.google.com/books?id=d4QHsORbZs4C
- Ratna, U. (2007), "Interface Between Urban and Rural Development in India", in Dutt, A. K.; Thakur, B., City, Society, and Planning, 1, Concept, ISBN 978-8180694592, http://books.google.com/books?id=QDmZeW1H37IC
- Robinson, S. (1 May 2008), "India's Medical Emergency", Time, archived from the original on 26 July 2013, https://web.archive.org/web/20130726160638/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1736516,00.html, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
- Rorabacher, J. A. (2010), Hunger and Poverty in South Asia, Gyan, ISBN 978-8121210270, http://books.google.com/books?id=u6hriMcSsE4C
- Singh, S. (2004), Library and Literacy Movement for National Development, Concept, ISBN 978-8180690655, http://books.google.com/books?id=JmmeWL_9hqAC
- Skolnik, R. L. (2008), Essentials of Global Health, Jones & Bartlett Learning, ISBN 978-0763734213, http://books.google.com/books?id=XBARu3KzSNAC
- (PDF) Country Cooperation Strategy: India, World Health Organisation, November 2006, http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_ind_en.pdf, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 July 2011
Culture
- Binmore, K. G. (27 March 2007), Playing for Real: A Text on Game Theory, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195300574, http://books.google.com/books?id=eY0YhSk9ujsC&pg=PA98
- "Saina Nehwal: India's Badminton Star and "New Woman"", BBC News, 1 August 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10725584, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 5 October 2010
- "Commonwealth Games 2010: India Dominate Shooting Medals", BBC News, 7 October 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9068886.stm, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 3 June 2011
- "UN Report Slams India for Caste Discrimination", CBC News Network (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation), 2 March 2007, http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2007/03/02/india-dalits.html, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 17 July 2007
- Cullen-Dupont, K. (July 2009), Human Trafficking (1st সম্পাদনা), Infobase Publishing, ISBN 978-0816075454, http://books.google.com/books?id=B2GeSNXy5CoC
- Das, S. K. (1 January 2005), A History of Indian Literature, 500–1399: From Courtly to the Popular, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 978-8126021710
- Datta, A. (2006), The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, 2, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 978-8126011940
- Dehejia, R. S. (7 November 2011), "Indian Grand Prix Vs. Encephalitis?", The Wall Street Journal, http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/07/economics-journal-indian-grand-prix-vs-encephalitis/, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 20 December 2011
- Deutsch, E. (30 April 1969), Advaita Vedānta: A Philosophical Reconstruction, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0824802714, http://books.google.com/books?id=63gdKwhHeV0C
- Dissanayake, W. K.; Gokulsing, M. (May 2004), Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change (2nd সম্পাদনা), Trentham Books, ISBN 978-1858563299, http://books.google.com/?id=_plssuFIar8C&dq
- Southern Movies Account for over 75% of Film Revenues, The Economic Times, 18 November 2009, archived from the original on 20 July 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20110720232113/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-18/news/27638208_1_film-industry-small-budget-movies-farokh-balsara, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 18 June 2011
- Indian Dance, "South Asian Arts", Encyclopædia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556016/South-Asian-arts/65246/Indian-dance, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 17 July 2011
- "Tamil Literature", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008, archived from the original on 10 April 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20160410060824/http://original.britannica.com/eb/article-9071111/Tamil-literature, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 24 July 2011
- Eraly, A. (2008), India, Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0756649524, http://books.google.com/books?id=HUdHHuFZN_8C&pg=PA160, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 24 July 2011
- Hart, G. L. (August 1975), Poems of Ancient Tamil: Their Milieu and Their Sanskrit Counterparts (1st সম্পাদনা), University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520026728, http://books.google.com/books?id=a5KwQwAACAAJ[সংযোগবিহীন উৎস]
- Heehs, P. (editor) (1 September 2002), Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience, New York University Press, ISBN 978-0814736500, http://books.google.com/books?id=Jgsu-aIm3ncC, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 24 July 2011
- Hoiberg, D.; Ramchandani, I. (2000), Students' Britannica India: Select Essays, Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978-0852297629
- Johnson, W. J. (editor, translator) (1 September 2008), The Sauptikaparvan of the Mahabharata: The Massacre at Night, Oxford World's Classics (2nd সম্পাদনা), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0192823618
- Jones, G.; Ramdas, K. (2005), (Un)tying the Knot: Ideal and Reality in Asian Marriage, National University of Singapore Press, ISBN 978-9810514280, http://books.google.com/books?id=IttiQ3QdJ6YC
- Kālidāsa; Johnson, W. J. (15 November 2001), The Recognition of Śakuntalā: A Play in Seven Acts, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0192839114
- Karanth, S. K. (October 2002), Yakṣagāna, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-8170173571
- Kiple, K. F. (editor); Ornelas, K. C. (editor) (2000), The Cambridge World History of Food, প্ৰকাশক Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521402163
- Kuiper, K. (editor) (1 July 2010), The Culture of India, Britannica Educational Publishing, ISBN 978-1615302031, http://books.google.com/books?id=LiqloV4JnNUC, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 24 July 2011
- Kumar, V. (January 2000), Vastushastra, All You Wanted to Know About Series (2nd সম্পাদনা), Sterling Publishing, ISBN 978-8120721999
- Lal, A. (2004), The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195644463, http://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 24 July 2011
- MacDonell, A. A. (2004), A History of Sanskrit Literature, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-1417906192
- Majumdar, B.; Bandyopadhyay, K. (2006), A Social History of Indian Football: Striving To Score, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415348355
- Makar, E. M. (2007), An American's Guide to Doing Business in India, Adams, ISBN 978-1598692112, http://books.google.com/books?id=ujYmdNVIr7QC[সংযোগবিহীন উৎস]
- Massey, R.; Massey, J. (1998), The Music of India, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-8170173328, http://books.google.com/books?id=yySNDP9XVggC
- Medora, N. (2003), "Mate Selection in Contemporary India: Love Marriages Versus Arranged Marriages", in Hamon, R. R.; Ingoldsby, B. B., Mate Selection Across Cultures, SAGE Publications, p. 209–230, ISBN 978-0761925927
- Is Boxing the New Cricket?, Mint, 24 September 2010, http://www.livemint.com/2010/09/24211250/Is-boxing-the-new-cricket.html, আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 5 October 2010
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- Rajadhyaksha, A. (editor); Willemen (editor), P. (22 January 1999), Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema (2nd সম্পাদনা), British Film Institute, ISBN 978-0851706696
- Ramanujan, A. K. (translator) (15 October 1985), Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil, প্ৰকাশক New York: Columbia University Press, pp. ix–x, ISBN 978-0231051071, http://books.google.com/?id=nIybE0HRvdQC
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বাহ্যিক সংযোগ
[সম্পাদনা কৰক]- National Portal of the Government of India
- India entry at The World Factbook
- ভাৰত বিষয়ে Curlie (DMOZ)-ত থকা তথ্য
- India profile from the BBC News
- India Encyclopædia Britannica entry
- India Archived 2015-03-17 at the Wayback Machine at the UCB Government Information Library
স্থানাংক: 21°N 78°E / 21°N 78°E
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